Filosofická fakulta Masarykovy univerzity

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English Résumé

The purpose of my Master's Thesis is to analyze three landmark autobiographical works, specifically memoirs written by homosexual authors. And those are The Memoirs of John Addington Symonds: The Secret Homosexual Life of a Leading Nineteenth-century Man of Letters by John Addington Symonds (1984), Christopher and His Kind by Christopher Isherwood (1987) and Borrowed Time by Paula Monette (1996). The memoirs were chosen so that there were certain gaps in time between the periods of time captured and therefore a bigger space for the comparison of the differences of cultural, social and political events taking place in a particular social climate during these periods of time.

The thesis is divided into two main chapters; both are based on the textual analysis of the memoirs and on the outline of the circumstances of their origins. The first chapter deals with autobiographical genre itself, its credibility, the general role of sex in literature, the motives of the authors to make personal events and thoughts public, the literary devices used, and the tendencies of the authors to use opposing statements in their works. The second chapter focuses on specific topics which appear in all the memoirs - attitudes of the public and governmental authorities to homosexuality in the periods of time when the authors lived; the Platonic theory of love and an analysis of some of Plato's dialogues in association with the memoirs; intellectual circles from which the memoirists came and whose values they endeavored to follow; the notion of carpe diem in the texts; and other minor issues, such as religiosity, the institution of marriage and humanity. Both chapters underline parallels between the memoirs and the continuity of the memoirists' lives, and it is possible to find a huge variety of similarities despite the fact that they lived in different eras and political climates. The most significant aspect of the work is the temporal, spatial and mental link which intertwines all the works. The conclusion lays emphasis on a comparative analysis that is based on the previous two chapters, underlines similarities between the authors and summarizes their chief common features.

Resumé

Cílem mojí diplomové práce je analýza třech stěžejních děl autobiografického žánru, konkrétně memoárů psaných homosexuálními autory. Jedná se o The Memoirs of John Addington Symonds: The Secret Homosexual Life of a Leading Nineteenth-century Man of Letters od Johna Addingtona Symondse (1984), Christopher and His Kind od Christophera Isherwooda (1987) a Borrowed Time od Paula Monetta (1996). Memoáry jsem zvolila tak, aby byl mezi jednotlivými zachycenými obdobími větší časový odstup, a tudíž více prostoru pro porovnávání rozdílů v kulturních, společenských a politických událostech odehrávajících se v konkrétním společenském klimatu těchto období.

Práce je rozdělená do dvou hlavních kapitol, obě jsou založeny především na textové analýze jednotlivých memoárů a na nastínění okolností jejich vzniku. První kapitola se zaobírá autobiografickým žánrem jako takovým, jeho důvěryhodností, obecnou rolí sexu v literatuře, důvody autorů pro sdílení osobních událostí a myšlenek s veřejností, použitými literárními prostředky a tendencemi memoáristů používat protichůdné výroky v jejich dílech. Druhá kapitola se zaměřuje na konkrétní témata, která se objevují ve všech memoárech - postoje veřejnosti a vládních autorit k homosexualitě v obdobích, ve kterých jednotliví autoři žili, Platonovu teorii lásky a analýzu některých z jeho dialogů v souvislosti s memoáry, intelektuální kruhy, z nichž memoáristé pocházeli a na jejichž hodnoty se snažili navázat, náznaky carpe diem v textech a další záležitosti jako jsou náboženství, instituce manželství a humanita.

Obě kapitoly zdůrazňují paralely mezi memoáry a návaznosti mezi životy memoáristů, kterých je možné objevit v memoárech hojný počet, přestože žili v různých časových obdobích a politických klimatech. Důležitým aspektem práce je časová, místní a myšlenková linka, která se proplétá všemi těmito díly. Závěr práce klade důraz na porovnávací analýzu, která je založena na předchozích dvou kapitolách a zdůrazňuje podobnosti mezi autory a shrnuje hlavní společné znaky memoárů.

1 Looking for veracious definitions of the truth and reality is beyond the scope of this paper. Although it may definitely mean at least slightly different things to different people, cultures, religions, the terms here are used in a generically recognized frame.

2 See also the subchapter 3.5

3 For further discussion, see Sub-chapter 3.2

4 See Sub-chapter 3.3

5 Karl Giese, Hirschfeld’s partner and secretary

6 Effeminate boy or man

7 Symonds is addressed as A only in the version of the history that Grosskurth found together with Symonds’s handwriting and attached to The Memoir as Appendix One. It must have been rewritten after his death by Ellis because the Symonds’s history in Sexual Inversion (History XX p. 139) slightly differs from the appendix, although the chief facts are the same.

8 For further information see Appendix One p. 284-88.

9 See also the subchapter 3.5

10 In Christopher and His Kind Isherwood describes their frequent debates over Maurice, chiefly its ending. Perhaps, it is also Isherwood’s credit that Maurice ends happily. They both wished to “affirm that such an ending is possible for homosexuals” (71).

11 Of course, both variants might have been combined in case of any of the memoirists. However, their predestination to be intellectually influential for the sake of their family’s genetically coded thinking tradition is beyond the scope of this paper.