Page 1 Report Substrate Materials for intersectoral biogas strategy Foreword
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- Page 169 169 M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material
- Page 170 170 M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material
- Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal
- Page 171 171 M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material
- Page 172 172 M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material
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of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative Gas Cars in public procurement Description: Entering gas vehicles in public procurement can increase gassbil share in automotive and thereby stimulate both tickets demand and the demand for biogas in petrol station. The desired effect: Increasing demand for biogas for transport purposes. Disadvantages: Will also encourage the use of natural gas Requirements for collection of landfill gas Description: Organic waste breaks down anaerobically in landfills can cause methane emissions. Amount of methane produced decreases gradually as the organic waste is broken down. The is possible to collect approx. ¼ of the methane gas generated in a landfill using the so-called gas extraction system. The collected gas can be either flared without energy recovery or used for electricity and / or heat. Even if gas is not used for energy production, the collection followed by flaring reduce greenhouse gas emissions, because methane (which is a very potent greenhouse) is converted to CO 2 (Weaker greenhouse gas). The gas can also be upgraded to gas quality, but because of impurities in the gas, this is a difficult and expensive process. Man can imagine that an increased accumulation of landfill gas can be done by several landfills have installed equipment for collecting this gas or by improving the efficiency of existing gas collection system. Cure (2010a) examined both measures and estimated that 5 new methane plants can lead to greenhouse gas reductions equivalent to 26 250 tonnes of CO 2 -Eq per year at a cost of 343 Dollars / ton CO 2 -Eq. Upgrading of existing 85 plants were estimated to contribute 70 560 tons of CO 2 -Eq per year at a cost of 123 dollars / ton CO 2 -Eq.
The desired effect: Reduced methane emissions from Norwegian landfills. Possible drawbacks: Due landfill ban for biodegradable waste, the future supply of biodegradable waste sent to landfills can be very limited. Already deposited waste will still emit methane for decades, but in diminishing degree, so that methane emissions from landfills will be reduced even without further action. If the recovery rate at each landfill will be increased, this necessitate upgrading of existing outlet facility. These upgrades can be varying scope and associated costs related to this. Feasibility: Low. For most landfills with gas recovery plant is underway already a process evaluation of existing solutions and of the need to upgrade. It is doubtful it is possible to impose further requirements for these plants now that will lead to a significant
169 M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative emission reductions than required by certain requirements. If additional requirements for withdrawal efficiency should realized now for all current landfills in operation, it must be by an amendment of section 9 of the Waste disposal and optionally establish other incentives (such as financial support) to landfills choose to upgrade methane gas outlets. When there are large differences between the various dumps respect. gas production size and opportunities for increased gas accumulation, the specific requirements for extraction efficiency had to be individually through revised discharge permits or orders. For closed landfills can also increase gas production to be in conflict with current land use. The opportunities for state governments to require additional emission reductions from landfill also limited by the fact that these emissions already paid for through the state disposal fees for waste. Conducted in neighboring countries: The general requirement of collecting landfill gas for landfills in operation which have deposited or depositing biodegradable waste, states of the EU Landfill Directive. The In this context been considered whether this requirement could be further specified, but preliminary conclusion is that these are requirements that must be determined for each landfill. Requirements for utilization of recovered landfill gas Description: Organic waste breaks down anaerobically in landfills can cause methane emissions. Amount of methane produced decreases gradually as the organic waste is broken down. The is possible to collect approx. ¼ of the methane gas generated in a landfill using the so-called gas extraction system. The collected gas can be either flared without energy recovery or used for electricity and / or heat. The gas can also be upgraded to natural gas quality, but Due to impurities in the gas, this is a difficult and expensive process. The desired effect: increased energy utilization of methane gas from Norwegian landfills. Possible drawbacks: Harnessing the collected landfill gas to produce energy (electricity or heat) requires additional investments, which is not necessarily proportionate to the profits of energy production. Introduction of the claim must be based on the ratings for each landfill. Feasibility: Low if the claim is to be realized alone, good if this requirement is realized simultaneously that other incentives are introduced. Most individual landfills that represent deposits with the greatest energy potential is already beginning to utilize gas for energy purposes. If additional requirements the energy utilization of the collected landfill gas to be realized for landfills beyond these, should this is done simultaneously with the introduction of other incentives (such as financial support) to landfills choose to upgrade methane gas outlets.
170 M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative 3.1.2 Economic instruments Increased CO 2 Tax on fossil fuels Description: An increase in CO 2 Tax on fossil fuels The desired effect: Increase profitability by using biogas relative to fossil diesel or gasoline. Possible disadvantages: Increased CO 2 Tax on fossil fuels will provide a skewed distribution effects. Those necessary to use a car and unable to switch to gas or other environmentally friendly vehicles, will be hardest charged the fee. In addition, the instrument little control effectively, since it will also provide an advantage to other types of biofuels and electricity. Continuation of exemption veibruksavgift for biogas and natural gas optionally Description: The price difference between fossil fuels and biogas is an important driver in the commercial profitability of biogas vehicles. If biogas is required veibruksavgift, reduced price difference and biogas are less profitable. This could possibly be compensated for by increasing the CO 2
The desired effect: Increase profitability through the use of biogas in vehicles. Features: This instrument is moderately effective management. It will encourage greater use of natural gas vehicles, but does not ensure that biogas is used since gas vehicles also use natural gas. This can solved by the simultaneous introduction of a higher tax on natural gas to biogas are significant less expensive compared to natural gas, but this can hamper growth of biogas market since biogas users like to use natural gas as a back-up. Possible drawbacks: Veibruksavgift to cover the costs caused by vehicle use the road, such as air pollution, accidents, road wear and noise. Gas Vehicles will contribute to many of these disadvantages in line with other vehicles and exemptions for these inconsistent. Feasibility: Good. This should be very easy to implement, as there is talk of a continuation of an already existing instrument.
171 M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative Investment aid for the purchase of gas vehicles (private cars and / or taxi) Description: By reducing the investment cost of gas vehicles, the share of gas in the vehicle fleet increased. At present gas vehicles both more expensive and have a higher fee, see details this Annex 3c. By reducing the purchase tax so that the investment cost for gas vehicles whole is aligned with the corresponding gasoline or diesel vehicles, the demand for gas vehicles increased. This will be a revenue-neutral measure, since most consumers alternative would buy gasoline or diesel. If the "subsidy" provided in the form of reduced fee, the effect of such cabs less, since they already pay a reduced fee. Alternatively, the grant is given as a lump sum when buying gas vehicles (as in Sweden). The desired effect: Increase the use of biogas for transport purposes. Features: Heavy steering effectively. All measures that are aimed at increasing the proportion gas vehicles will also increase the use of natural gas. This can be solved by the simultaneous introduction of a higher tax on natural gas to biogas is considerable less expensive compared to natural gas, but this can inhibit the growth of biogas biogas market since users often use natural gas as a back- Save. Possible drawbacks: Gas cars have a fuel tank as well as back-up. In some gas vehicles, this additional tank so large, that theoretically can run most of the time with gasoline operation. In addition may NO
x Emissions become a problem, since some types of gas vehicles have higher emissions of NO x . This can solved by putting demands on engine type to get investment support. Conducted in neighboring countries: Yes, in Sweden Investment aid for the purchase of gas vehicles to fleet operations Description: An investment of (heavy) vehicles used in fleet operation (eg buses and vans), can be an effective way to increase gas vehicle portion of the vehicle fleet. Because these vehicles are able to use the same fuel station every day, the investment cost lower than the cost associated with increasing gas vehicle share in the private market. The desired effect: Increase the use of biogas for transport purposes. Features: Heavy steering effectively. Similarly as for investment for other gas vehicle, instrument could increase the use of natural gas instead / as well as the use of biogas. Possible drawbacks: It is important that vehicles with low NO X Emissions is selected, otherwise the instrument increase challenges in cities with high NO 2 Concentrations. This can be solved by setting requirements for low NO x - emissions for the vehicle to be eligible.
172 M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative Investment aid for the purchase of gas buses Description: The bus market will likely be even easier to increase the number of gas vehicles than in fleet vehicles in general, partly because the user of public transport will often be concerned environmental consequences of the choice of transport mode. An investment specifically targeted at gas buses can be a very effective policy instrument. The desired effect: Increase the use of biogas for transport purposes. Features: Heavy steering effectively. As with investment for fleet vehicles, will instrument could increase the use of natural gas instead / as well as the use of biogas. Possible drawbacks: Same as for investment for fleet vehicles. Investment for the construction of filling stations Description: The investment in filling stations for gas-powered vehicles can be a barrier to an increased share gas vehicles in the vehicle fleet, both for private vehicles and fleet vehicles. By providing investment support for these, development accelerated. The desired effect: Increase the use of biogas for transport purposes. Features: Small management effectively. This instrument will facilitate but do not ensure that the proportion of gas vehicles increases. A distinction is made between natural gas or biogas. Possible drawbacks: means will also increase the use of natural gas, unless combined introduced a higher tax on natural gas to biogas is considerable less expensive compared to natural gas. However, this can hamper growth of biogas biogas market since users often use natural gas as back-up. Another option is to link investment support for a requirement of a minimum amount or percentage of biogas sold in future years.
173 M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative Reduced disposable gas-fueled vehicles Description: By reducing the investment cost of gas vehicles, the share of gas in the vehicle fleet increased. At present gas vehicles both more expensive and have a higher fee, see details this Annex 3c. By reducing the purchase tax so that the investment cost for gas vehicles whole is aligned with the corresponding gasoline or diesel vehicles, the demand for gas vehicles increased. If the "subsidy" provided in the form of reduced fee, the effect of the such as taxis less, since they pay a reduced fee. Alternatively, the subsidy granted as a lump sum when buying gas vehicles (as in Sweden). The desired effect: Increase the use of biogas for transport purposes. Features: Small management effectively. This instrument will facilitate but do not ensure that the proportion of gas vehicles increases. A distinction is made between natural gas or biogas. This will be a revenue-neutral instrument, since most consumers would otherwise purchase gasoline or diesel. Possible drawbacks: Gas cars have a fuel tank as well as back-up. In some gas vehicles, this additional tank so large, that theoretically can run most of the time with gasoline operation. In addition, the all measures that are aimed at increasing the share of gas vehicles also increase the use of natural gas, unless it also introduced a higher tax on natural gas to biogas are significant less expensive compared to natural gas. However, this can hamper growth of biogas market since biogas users like to use natural gas as a back-up. Support for the replacement of oil boiler to gas boiler if the biogas to be used Description: Parliament has made the following decisions in Recommendation 390 S (2011-2012): " Parliament requests
add up to the oil boiler to replace the gas boiler that uses biogas. The desired effect: Increasing demand for biogas Features: This instrument is effective management. By attaching support directly into biogas use, one can ensure that the demand for biogas increases as much as you want by customizing support level. Possible drawbacks: The biogas will be used for heating, resulting in fewer positive environmental impact than the application in the transport sector.
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