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Thyroid disease is often associated with

• Thyroid disease is often associated with

• muscle disorders, the most common being a

• swelling of the small muscles that move the

• eyes, causing a bulging eyeball

• (exophthalmos).

• Adrenal failure causes general muscle weakness.

Muscles depend on a good blood supply for

• Muscles depend on a good blood supply for

• normal function

• (Cramp is usually caused by a lack of blood flow, sometimes associated with severe exertion) .

• Peripheral vascular disease which restricts

• the blood supply, causes claudication

• (muscle pain on exercise).

Angina pectoris (chest pain caused by lack

• Angina pectoris (chest pain caused by lack

• of blood supply to heart muscle) occurs in

• coronary heart disease.

• The compartment syndrome is pain in muscles as a result of swelling that limits the blood supply it is brought on by injury of exercise, occurring often in athletes with well-developed muscles.

Several toxic substances can damage muscle.

• Several toxic substances can damage muscle.

• They include alcohol, which can cause damage

• following a prolonged drinking bout.

• Other substance that may cause muscle

• damage include:

• - amincaproic acid,

• - chloroquine,

• - clofibrate,

• - emetine and

• - vincristine.

Myasthenia gravis is a disorders of transmission of nerve impulses to muscles.

• Myasthenia gravis is a disorders of transmission of nerve impulses to muscles.

• It usually begins by causing blepharoptosis

• and diplopia.

• Other diseases with an autoimmune basis that may affect muscles are:

• - lupus erythematosus - rheumatoid arthritis, - scleroderma,

• - sarcoidosis and - dermatomyositis.

Muscle disorders are investigated by:

• Muscle disorders are investigated by:

• EMG (electromyography) which measures

• the response of muscles to electrical

• impulse,

• Muscle biopsy

Bone is affected by the same types of disorders as other body tissues, but its hard, rigid structure makes for extra complications.

• Bone is affected by the same types of disorders as other body tissues, but its hard, rigid structure makes for extra complications.

• If a bone receives a direct blow or suffers

• from repeated stress it may fracture. If it becomes infected (for instance due to

• osteomyelitis or a bone abscess), the resulting

• inflammation may interfere with the blood

• supply, leading to death of part of the bone.

Several genetic (inherited) conditions

• Several genetic (inherited) conditions

• affect bone growth;

• these include:

• - achondroplasia and - osteogenesis imperfecta.

• People with these are usually of short statue

NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS

• NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS

• Lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet may result in:

• - rickets in children and - osteomalacia in adults,

• in both conditions the bones become soft

• and lose their shape.

HORMONAL DISORDERS

• HORMONAL DISORDERS

• If the pituitary gland produces excess growth hormone before puberty, there is an overgrowth of bones and other organs leading to gigantism.

• Excess parathyroid hormone causes bone

• cysts.

• Osteoporosis is also frequently due to other hormonal disturbances.

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