National and International Human and Animal Disease Infrastructures and Surveillance Activities
A Tale of Three Outbreaks
Challenges Ahead
Recognizing the inter-connectedness between human, animal, and ecological health, the OHI seeks to increase communication, collaboration, and cooperation across a wide variety of disciplines including human medicine, veterinary medicine, public health, microbiology, ecology, and others.
Recognizing the inter-connectedness between human, animal, and ecological health, the OHI seeks to increase communication, collaboration, and cooperation across a wide variety of disciplines including human medicine, veterinary medicine, public health, microbiology, ecology, and others.
http://www.onehealthinitiative.com
Pope Clement XI instructed his physician, Dr. Giovanni Maria Lancisi, to do something about rinderpest
Pope Clement XI instructed his physician, Dr. Giovanni Maria Lancisi, to do something about rinderpest
Rinderpest is a highly lethal viral disease of cattle that was devastating the human food supply
Lancisi recommended that all ill and suspect animals be destroyed.
Lancisi recommended that all ill and suspect animals be destroyed.
Principles were a milestone in controlling the spread of contagious diseases in animals.
Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902), a German physician and pathologist said, “between animal and human medicine there are no dividing lines--nor should there be.”
Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902), a German physician and pathologist said, “between animal and human medicine there are no dividing lines--nor should there be.”
Virchow’s father was a butcher.
Virchow’s father was a butcher.
Animal experiments on life cycle of Trichinella spiralis in porcine muscular tissue.
Monkeypox outbreak of 2003 in U.S. Midwest started with the importation of giant Gambian rats exposing prairie dogs in a pet distribution center.
Monkeypox outbreak of 2003 in U.S. Midwest started with the importation of giant Gambian rats exposing prairie dogs in a pet distribution center.
Outbreak highlighted the problems of importing millions of exotic animals into the U.S.
Little attention paid to the sick and dying prairie dogs until after humans became sick.
A total of 71 human cases of monkeypox were reported to CDC; 35 (41%) were lab confirmed.
18 people were hospitalized.
Minimal disease surveillance of companion animals.
CDC and FDA issued order prohibiting importation of African rodents
CDC and FDA issued order prohibiting importation of African rodents
And prohibited sale, transfer, or release of prairie dogs
Replaced by interim final rule
No surveillance system of pets developed.
Approximately 63% of all U.S. households own at least one pet.
Approximately 63% of all U.S. households own at least one pet.
Most commonly owned animals include:
Cats (90.5 million)
Dogs (73.9 million)
Small mammals (18.2 million)
Birds (16.6 million)
Aquarium Fish (140 million freshwater/9 million saltwater)
“Tie to pets has germ jumping to and fro” Methicillin Resistant Staph aureus (MRSA) is infecting both humans and animals.
“Tie to pets has germ jumping to and fro” Methicillin Resistant Staph aureus (MRSA) is infecting both humans and animals.
Established in 2004 at Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine
Established in 2004 at Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine
Banfield, the Pet Hospital, largest provider of companion animal health care in U.S.
Serve approx. 2% of entire pet dog and cat population in U.S.
Includes guinea pigs, other rodents, birds, rabbits, ferrets, and reptiles.
Glickman LT, Moore GE, Blickman NW, et al. Purdue University-Banfield National Companion Animal Surveillance Program for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 2006: 6: 14-23.
Banfield hospital database searched for influenza-like illness in cats using syndromic surveillance (fever, cough, difficulty breathing) in 18 hospitals within 50 miles of Washington DC area.
Banfield hospital database searched for influenza-like illness in cats using syndromic surveillance (fever, cough, difficulty breathing) in 18 hospitals within 50 miles of Washington DC area.
Compared cat data to ILI in humans from emergency room data.
Glickman LT, Moore GE, Glickman NW, et al. Purdue University-Banfield National Companion Animal Surveillance Program for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases. Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 2006; 6: 14-23.
World Health Organization
World Health Organization
World Health Organization
World Health Organization
World Animal Health Organization (OIE: Office International des Epizooties)
WHO—Revised 2005 IHR and Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN)
WHO—Revised 2005 IHR and Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN)
OIE—Terrestrial Animal Health Code
FAO—Emergency Prevention System for Transboundary Animal Diseases (EMPRES)
1997 highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) outbreak in Hong Kong.
1997 highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) outbreak in Hong Kong.
Surveillance of wild water fowl and domestic poultry facilitated early recognition of virus in humans.
Resurgence of virus in SE Asia in 2003 prompted an international response and global surveillance.
In 2006, global surveillance of H5N1 avian influenza in wild birds, poultry, and humans began.
In 2006, global surveillance of H5N1 avian influenza in wild birds, poultry, and humans began.
Global Early Warning and Response System for Major Animal Diseases including Zoonoses (GLEWS)
Global Avian Influenza Network for Surveillance (GAINS)
New project funded by USAID
New project funded by USAID
Up to $75 million over 5 years
UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine will lead consortium of organizations
Wildlife Conservation Society
Wildlife Trust
Global Viral Forecasting, Inc.
Smithsonian Institution
As the human population explodes, interactions with new zoonotic agents (e.g. viruses) from animal populations will continue to increase.
As the human population explodes, interactions with new zoonotic agents (e.g. viruses) from animal populations will continue to increase.
Can expect more emerging zoonotic diseases.
The One Health Initiative addresses the need for greater collaboration on many levels (individual, public health, and research) between human, animal, and public health professionals.
Many organizations and individuals endorse the One Health Initiative, but considerable effort remains to implement the concept nationally and globally.
