Quettaparma Quenyallo

san (2) adv. ephemeral word for "so" (ya(n)...san "as...so"; san na "thus be" = let it be so, "amen"); this form was apparently quickly abandoned by Tolkien (VT43:16, 24, VT49.18)

sana (1) demonstrative “that very thing (already referred to)” (PE16:97). Sana wendë “that maiden” (PE16:96 cf. 90)

sana (2) noun "day (24 hours)" (LT1:250; the later word ré is to be preferred to this early "Qenya" form)

sanar noun "mind" (literally "thinker" or "reflector", suggesting an underlying verb #sana- "to think, to reflect") (VT41:13)

Sanavaldo noun "the Almighty" (SD:401). The word is difficult to fully explain, since sana- is not elsewhere associated with the meaning “al(l)”. Compare iluvala.

sanca (þ) ("k") noun? (or adj, or both?) "cleft, split" (STAK)

sancë ("k") adj. "hateful" (LT2:341)

Sancossi ("k") pl. noun "the Goblins" (LT2:341)

sanda (þ) (1) adj. "firm, true, abiding" (STAN)

[sanda, sandë] (þ) (2) noun "name" (VT46:16)

sandastan noun "shield-barrier", a battle-formation (UT:282; probably with stem sandastam- since the final element is derived from a stem stama- "bar, exclude". Compare talan with stem talam- from the root TALAM.)

sánë (þ) noun “pine” (PE17:81), stem sáni- (? – the primitive form is given as ¤thānĭ, which would normally give Quenya sánë/sáni-, but the Quenya noun is also cited as sáne- as if e persists before an ending).

sanga (þ) noun "crowd, press, throng" (STAG, SA:thang, LT2:342; pl. sangar (?) twice in Narqelion). In Sangahyando (þ) masc. name "Throng-cleaver", name of a man in Gondor (SA:thang; a footnote in Letters:425 explains that "throng" here means a closely formed body of enemy soldiers. In the Etymologies, stems STAG, SYAD, sangahyando is said to be a swordname, and LT2:342 likewise defines the word as a name of Turambar's sword: "cleaver of throngs, Throng-cleaver".)

#sangië (evidently þ, cf. sanga above) noun "necessity" (evidently in the sense of *"tribulation, pressure"; compare sanga, of which #sangië is an abstract formation). Isolated from sangiessemman "in our necessities" (VT44:8)

sanganë vb.? "gather" (MC:214; this is "Qenya")

sangwa noun "poison" (SAG)

sanomë adv. “there” (PE17:71). Cf. sinomë, tanomë.

sanwë noun "thought, an act of thinking" (VT39:23, 30; VT41:5, 13, PE17:183)

sanwecenda ("k") noun "thought-inspection, thought-reading" (VT41:5, PE17:183)

sanwë-latya noun "thought-opening", direct, telepathic thought-transfer (VT39:23)

sanwë-menta noun "thought-sending, mental message" ((VT41:5, PE17:183)

sanya (þ) (1) adj. "regular, law-abiding, normal" (STAN); variant vorosanya with a prefixed element meaning "ever" (VT46:16)

[sanya] (þ) (2) noun ?"name" (reading of gloss uncertain, VT46:16)

[sanya] (þ) (3) noun "truth, fact" (VT46:16)

sanyë (þ) noun "rule, law" (STAN)

sap- or sapa- vb. “dig”, pa.t. sampë (PE16:145, QL:82); cf. sampa, and sapsanta below.

sapsanta noun in allative: "grave-into" (MC:221; this is "Qenya"; notice old allative in -nta, later dual allative only)

sar (sard-, as in pl. sardi) noun "(small) stone" (SAR). In Elessar, q.v. Since Tolkien let this name have a stem in -sarn- (genitive Ele[s]sarno, VT49:28), he may seem to have changed the stem-form of sar from sard- to sarn-.

sára (1) adj. "bitter" (SAG)

sára (2) adj. "fiery" (LT1:248; this "Qenya" word may have been obsoleted by # 1 above)

sara (3) (þ) noun "stiff dry grass, bent" (STAR). The word “bent” would here mean “open place covered with grass” (cf. LT1:274).

sarat (pl. sarati given) noun "letter", any individual significant mark, used of the letters of Rúmil after the invention of Fëanor's tengwar (WJ:396). Cf. sarmë.

sarco ("k") noun "flesh" (LT2:347; Tolkien's later Quenya has hrávë)

sarcuva ("k") adj. "corporeal, bodily" (LT2:347; hardly a valid word in Tolkien's later Quenya, since it connects with sarco above)

sarda adj. "hard" (VT39:17); pl. sardë "hards" may be used in the same sense as sarda tengwi, q.v. (As an independent form we would rather expect a nominal pl. sardar.)

#sarda tengwë noun "hard sound", a term for "consonant", but not used of semi-vowels (y, w) and continuants (l, r, m, noun). (Only pl. sarda tengwi [ñ] is attested; we would rather expect #sardë tengwi with the pl. form of the adjective.) Sarda tengwi are also simply called sardë "hards", see sarda. (VT39:17)

sarmë noun "writing" (VT39:8). Cf. sarat.

sarna adj. "of stone" (SAR)

sarnë noun "stony place" (SAR; in the Etymologies as printed in LR, the gloss reads "strong place", but according to VT46:12 the proper reading is "stony place")

sarnië (sarniyë) noun "shingle, pebble-bank" (UT:463, VT42:11)

sarno noun “table” (QL:82)

sarqua ("q") adj. "fleshy" (LT2:347) Compare sarco, sarcuva.

Sarquindi ("q") pl. noun "Cannibal-ogres" (LT2:347)

sarta adj. “steadfast, trusty, loyal” (PE17:183)

sarto noun “trusty follower, loyal companion (member of ‘comitatus’ of a lord, or prince)”, also satar (PE17:183)

#sat- vb. "set aside, appropriate to a special purpose or owner" (VT42:20). Cited in the form "sati-"; the final -i may be simply the connecting vowel of the aorist (as in *satin "I set aside"). This verb "was in Quenya applied to time as well as space" (VT42:20)

satar noun “trusty follower, loyal companion (member of ‘comitatus’ of a lord, or prince)”, often in form sarto (PE17:183)

satto, “Qenya” numeral “two” (in Tolkien’s later Quenya atta) (VT49:54)

satya adj. "private, separate, not common, excluded" (VT42:20)

sau- prefix denoting doing something very badly, as in saucarë, q.v. (PE17:183)

saucarë noun “doing or making a thing very badly” (PE17:183)

saucarya adj. “evil-doing” (PE17:68). Cf. saucarë.

[sauna] (þ) noun "wooden post", changed by Tolkien to samna (VT46:15)

saura (þ) adj. "foul, evil-smelling, putrid" (THUS), “foul, vile” (PE17:183). This adjective underlies the name Sauro, Sauron (q.v.) Alternatively explained to mean “cruel” (PE17:184); a deleted gloss defined the word as “bad, unhealthy, ill, wretched” (PE17:172). Tolkien did not consistently hold that the initial s represents older þ; sometimes he derived saura (and so implicitly Sauron) from stems with original s-.

Sauro (þ) (1), usually in longer form Sauron (þ), masc. name "the Abhorred", name of a Maia, the second Dark Lord (said to be the name by which he was "afterwards called", MR:147; according to PE17:183, his original name was Mairon, q.v.). Earlier Thauron (SA:thaur, THUS), archaic *Θaurond- (Letters:380, where the initial Greek letter represents th). The stem of Sauron would then be *Saurond-. – Another form of the name is Súro.

[sauro] (2) (þ) noun "carpenter, wright, builder", changed by Tolkien to samno (VT46:15)

sav- vb. “believe (that statements, reports, traditions, etc. are) true, accept as fact” (VT49:27; the fist person aorist savin is given). Not used with a person as object (in the sense of believing that this person tells the truth); with a noun, name or corresponding pronoun as object, sav- implies “I believe that he/she/it really exists/existed”: Savin Elessar “I believe that Elessar really existed” (VT49:27). To “believe in” someone meaning “believe that (s)he tells the truth” can be paraphrased as (for instance) savin Elesarno quetië “I believe in Elessar’s words” (lit. speaking). (VT49:28)

sáva noun "juice" (SAB)

Sáya, name of the fire-fay (GL:66)

se (1) pron. "he, she, it" also object "him, her, it", 3rd person sg. Used “of living things including plants” (VT49:37; the corresponding inaimate pronoun is sa). The pronoun comes directly from se as the original stem-form (VT49:50). Stressed form sé, VT49:51, attested in object position in melin sé “I love him” (VT49:21). Ósë *"with him/her", VT43:29; see ó-. Long dative/allative sena “[to/for] him” or “at him”, VT49:14, allative senna *“to him/her” (VT49:45, 46). Compare the reflexive pronoun insë *"himself, herself".

se (2), also long sé, preposition "at, in" (VT43:30; compare the "locative prefix" se- possibly occurring in an early "Qenya" text, VT27:25)

selda adj.? noun? (meaning not clear, related to seldë "child" (meaning changed by Tolkien from "daughter") and seldo *"boy". Thus selda may be an adjective *"childlike", since -a is a frequent adjectival ending. Alternatively, as suggested in VT46:13, selda may be a neuter noun "child", corresponding to masc. seldo *"boy" and fem. seldë *"girl" (before Tolkien changed the meaning of the latter to "child"). (SEL-D, cf. VT46:22-23)

seldë noun "child" (meaning changed by Tolkien from "daughter"; in his later texts the Quenya word for "child" is rather hína, and the final status of seldë is uncertain. See also tindómerel.) (SEL-D, VT46:13, 22-23) In one late source, Tolkien reverts to the meaning “daughter”, but this may have been replaced by anel, q.v.

seldo noun (meaning not quite clear, likely the masculine form of seldë "child", hence *"boy") (SEL-D, VT46:13, 22-23)

seler (þ) (sell-, as in pl. selli) noun "sister" (THEL/THELES). In a later source, the word nésa (q.v.) appears instead, leaving the conceptual status of seler uncertain.

selli (þ) pl. of seler (THEL/THELES)

*selma (þ) noun "a fixed idea, will" (WJ:319; only the archaic/Vanyarin form þelma [thelma] is given)

[selyë noun "daughter", used in children's play for "fourth finger" or "fourth toe" (VT47:10, 15, VT48:4) It is unclear whether it was the word selyë "daughter" itself that was rejected, or just its use as a play-name of a digit. Compare yeldë, yendë.]

sen- vb. "let loose, free, let go" (VT43:18)

#sén collective (?) noun “children”, isolated from Erusén "the children of God" (RGEO:74, VT49:35). The word would seem to be a collective, since it has no plural ending.

sena dative/allative pronoun “to him [/her/it]”, “at him [/her/it]”; see se. (VT49:14)

senda adj. "resting, at peace" (SED)

*sendë, see ser-

senna (1), see se #1

senna (þ, cf. older form thenna) adj. “short” (PE17:185). This is a later (TLT) variant of sinta.

senwa, also senya, adj. “usual” (VT49:22, 35). Notice that *senya may conceivably also function as a genitive pronoun “his, her”, derived from *sen as the dative form of se #1 (compare ninya, menya).

-ser noun "friend" (SER)

ser- vb. "rest" (1st pers. aorist serin "I rest"); pa.t. probably *sendë since the R of ser- was originally D (cf. stem SED; compare rer- pa.t. rendë from RED concerning the past tense)

sercë ("k") noun "blood" (SA:sereg, PE17:184; the Etymologies gives yár as the Quenya word for "blood")

sérë noun "rest, repose, peace" (SED, VT44:35); see under úyë concerning the sentence úyë sérë indo-ninya símen in Fíriel's Song

Serindë (þ) fem. name; "Broideress" (Silm) or "Needlewoman" (PM:333). Original form Therindë, q.v.

sermë noun "friend" (fem.) (SER)

sermo noun "friend" (evidently masc., since sermë is stated to be fem.) (SER)

seron noun "friend" (SER)

sesta- vb. “to liken, compare” (QL:82)

[setta, setya adj. "first" (possibly also "primary", but Tolkien's gloss was not certainly legible) (VT46:13)]

si adv. “here” (VT49:33; this may be a root or “element” rather than a Quenya word; see sissë, sinomë)

sí adv. "now" (Nam, RGEO:67, LR:47, SD:310, VT43:34, VT49:18, PE17:94), sin (SI, LR:47) or sín (SD:247, 310) before vowels. Compare the distribution of a/an in English, though in his Quenya version of Hail Mary, Tolkien used sí also before a vowel (sí ar "now and", VT43:28). Si, a short (or incompletely annotated) form of sí (VT43:26, 34). – In Fíriel's Song, sí is translated "here".

siar, siarë adv. "this day", a form Tolkien apparently abandoned in favour of síra, q.v. (VT43:18)

sicil ("k") noun "dagger, knife" (SIK)

sië adv. "thus" (VT43:24, VT49:18)

sil- vb. "shine" (white), present tense síla "shines, is shining" (FG); aorist silë, pl. silir (RS:324), frequentative sisíla- (Markirya comments), future tense siluva (VT49:38), dual future siluvat (VT49:44, 45)

#sil-cal- ("k") vb. "to shine" (silver and gold) < "Qenya" sílankálan *"they shine (silver and gold)" (VT27:20, 27); cf. sil-, cal-, q.v.

sisilcala- ("k") vb. "to shine continuously (silver and gold)" ("Qenya" inflected form sisilkalan) (VT27:20, 26, 27)

silda-ránar noun in locative "in gleaming-moon" (locative -r) (MC:213; this is "Qenya"; cf. sildë)

sildai ??? (Narqelion)

sildë adj.? "gleaming" (?) (MC:214; this is "Qenya"; cf. silda-ránar)

silima noun the substance the Silmarils were made of, invented by Fëanor (SA:sil)

Silindo "Jupiter" (LT1:265; this planet is called Alcarinquë in Tolkien's later Quenya)

#sillumë noun "this hour", ablative sillumello "from this hour" (VT44:35). Compare silumë.

silma adj. "silver, shining white" (SIL), “crystal (white)” (PE17:23)

Silmarien (sometimes "-riën") fem. name, apparently incorporates sil(i)ma (Appendix A) and the feminine ending -ien, or -rien as a variant of -riel (garlanded maiden) as in Altariel (Galadriel).

Silmaril (Silmarill-, as in pl. Silmarilli), noun, name of the shining jewels made by Fëanor; full sg. form Silmarillë (SA:sil, SIL, RIL, MIR). Translated "radiance of pure light" in Letters:148. Gen. pl. Silmarillion, as in (Quenta) Silmarillion "(the Story) of the Silmarils".

silmë noun "starlight", also name of tengwa #29 (Appendix E), though in the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, the name silmë instead applied to tengwa #3 (VT46:13). Silmë nuquerna "s reversed", name of tengwa #30, similar to normal silmë but turned upside down (Appendix E). In the Etymologies, stem SIL, silmë is defined as the "light of Silpion" (Telperion), and also a poetic word for "silver".

Silmeráno noun in genitive, "of silver moon" (MC:220; this is "Qenya")

Silmerossë, a name of Silpion (Telperion) (ROS¹, SIL)

silo adv. “hence” (from here), also sio (VT49:18). The words seem to incorporate -lo, a shorter version of the ablative ending -llo, and -o, the genitive ending that may also be used in an ablativic sense. Compare talo, tó “thence”.

Silpion, a name of the Elder of the Two Trees of Valinor (Telperion, the White Tree). (Silm, SIL, SÍLIP, BAL, ROS¹, LR:385) In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, the name Silpion is also applied to tengwa #29, which letter Tolkien would later call silmë instead.

silquelosseën ("q") noun "blossom-white hair" (MC:216; this is "Qenya", but compare lossë)

silumë adv. “at this time” (VT49:11, 18). Compare talumë, #sillumë.

síma noun “mind, imagination” (VT49:16); variant isima. Also attested with endings: símaryassen “in their imaginations” (with the ending -rya used = “their” rather than “his/her”, according to colloquial useage) (VT49:16)

simen adv. “hither” (VT49:33), símen "here" (FS; cf. sinomë in EO). Compare tamen.

simpa noun "pipe, flute" (LT1:266)

simpetalla ??? (Narqelion)

simpetar noun "piper" (LT1:266)

simpina noun "pipe, flute" (LT1:266)

simpisë noun? "piping" (LT1:266)

sin (1) a word either meaning "thus" (adverb) or "this" (as an independent word in the sentence, not modifying another word like sina does). Attested in the sentence sin quentë Quendingoldo Elendilenna, either *"this Pengolodh said to Elendil" or "thus spoke Pengolodh to Elendil" (PM:401). Patrick Wynne argues that sin is an adverb “thus” derived from the stem si- “this (by me)” (VT49:18)

sin (2) adv., a form of sí "now" (q.v.) often occurring before vowels; also sín (SI). However, sí itself (q.v.) may also appear before a vowel.

sina demonstrative "this" (following its noun in our sole example: vanda sina "this oath"). (CO, VT49:18; in the latter source, sina is called an adjective). This word would, like Sindarin hen, be derived from primitive ¤sĭnā (VT49:34). Cf. sin #1.

sína passive participle “known, certain, ascertained” (PE17:68), connecting with ista- and sintë. Also sinwa.

sincahonda adj. "flint-hearted" (LotR3:VI ch. 6). Hence noun #sinca "flint-[stone]"?

sinda (þ) adj. "grey" (PE17:72); nominal pl. Sindar used = "Grey-elves", lit. *"Grey ones"; see WJ:375. Gen. pl. Sindaron in WJ:369. With general meaning "grey" also in Sindacollo > Singollo "Grey-cloak, Thingol" (SA:thin(d), PE17:72; see also sindë, Sindicollo); †sindanórië "grey land", ablative sindanóriello "from/out of a grey country" (Nam); the reference is to a “mythical region of shadows lying at outer feet of the Mountains of Valinor” (PE17:72). However, other sources give sindë (q.v.) as the Quenya word for "grey"; perhaps sinda came to mean primarily "Grey-elf" as a noun. Derived adjective Sindarin "Grey-elven", normally used as a noun to refer to the Grey-elven language. (Appendix F)

sindarinwa (þ) adj. "Grey-elven" in the phrase hwesta sindarinwa "Grey-elven hw" (Appendix E); it may really be "Sindarin" (as a noun) with the possessive ending -va, -wa appended, hence literally "hw of [the] Sindarin [language]"

sindë (þ) adj. "grey, pale or silvery grey" (the Vanyarin dialect preserves the older form þindë) (WJ:384, THIN; in SA:thin(d) the form given is sinda, cf. also sindanóriello "from a grey country" in Namárië. Sindë and sinda are apparently variants of the same word.) Stem sindi-, given the primitive form ¤thindi; cf. Sindicollo (q.v.)

sindië (þ) noun "greyness", sindië-nórë *”land of greyness”, also (more literally corresponding to the English translation) nórë sindiëo (PE17:72), other names of sindanórië, see sinda.

sinen adv. “in this way; so” (VT49:18)

Sindel (þ) (Sindeld-, as in pl. Sindeldi) noun "Grey-elf" = Sinda pl. Sindar, but less common (WJ:384)