Сборник материалов международной научной конференции студентов, магистрантов, аспирантов
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- А.А. Ярошенко
И.В. ЯровичРеспублика Беларусь, Брест, БрГУ имени Пушкина Научный руководитель – И.В. Повх HOW WELLBEING SHAPES PERSONALITIES(BASED ON JACK LONDON’S STORIES)Financial satisfaction and postmaterialist needs (pertaining to autonomy, social support, and respect) are universal determinants of the different components of subjective well-being that contribute to shaping personalities. Financial satisfaction isone of the major life evaluation determinants, whereas respect isa strong determinant of positive feelings. The theme of money and human greed, a theme widely apparent in American literature, received its most impressive treatment in the works of Jack London. Our research is based on the short stories The One Thousand Dozen and The Man with the Gash. In the story A Thousand Dozen Jack London describes the tragedy of a dexterous profiteer David Rasmussen, who tried to make money off the re-sale of eggs. At the beginning of the story we see the main character as a profitable dealer with entrepreneurial mind, economical and thrifty, calculating every minute detail. “On the other hand, expense was to be considered, and he considered it well, for he was a careful man, keenly practical, with a hard head and a heart that imagination never warmed. At fifteen cents a dozen, the initial cost of his thousand dozen would be one hundred and fifty dollars, a mere bagatelle in face of the enormous profit. And suppose, just suppose, to be wildly extravagant for once, that transportation for himself and eggs should run up eight hundred and fifty more; he would still have four thousand clear cash and clean when the last egg was disposed of and the last dust had rippled into his sack” [2]. Another advantage of Rasmussen’s personality is his willingness to compete, bargain and take risks. Thus, when he needs a boat to take the eggs home and sell at a considerable profit, he gets gold to pay for it from other people promising to take them into his boat and pays twice the price to be the first to sail off. “How much is the other fellow paying? Three hundred? Well, here’s four. Take it /.../ Here’s six hundred. Last call. Take it or leave it. Tell ‘m it’s a mistake” [2]. He risks his life and the lives of other people trying to save the eggs, suffers from starvation, has his leg frostbitten and toes amputated, but stubbornly continues the journey. However, the enterprise fails as the eggs go bad during the long way. Rasmussen cannot bear the loss of his merchandise and, consequently, profit and commits suicide. In The Man with the Gash, Jacob Kent, stricken with a passion for gold, becomes a victim of his own greed. The author describes him in the very first passage, using both direct and indirect characteristics: “Jacob Kent had suffered from cupidity all the days of his life. This, in turn, had engendered a chronic distrustfulness, and his mind and character had become so warped that he was a very disagreeable man to deal with. He was also a victim to somnambulic propensities, and very set in his ideas /.../ men who made it a custom to travel the trail to Dawson, likened him to a robber baron, perched in his fortress and exacting toll from the caravans that used his ill-kept roads /.../ the less cultured wayfarers from Stuart River were prone to describe him after a still more primordial fashion, in which a command of strong adjectives” [1]. Jack London presents his character as a person who takes advantage of everything: when he sees a cabin not lived in and used by everyone who passes by, Jacob moves in, makes people pay him a dollar per night to stay and sleep on the floor and cheats them out of their money. “Thenceforth, the weary travellers were mulcted a dollar per head for the privilege of sleeping on the floor, Jacob Kent weighing the dust and never failing to steal the down-weight” [1]. The only thing Kent enjoys is weighing and counting his gold, however, his wellbeing does not make him happy: Jacob is constantly afraid of being robbed and killed, suffers from repeated nightmares and is obsessed by the idea of saving his life and money. At the end of the story, the gun, where he hides gold nuggets, explodes in his hands and kills him. Thus, the works of Jack London set vivid examples of the way money influences people’s personalities. The writer demonstrates that no gold can make people happy, but can cause a lot of tragedies turning into fetish and provoking obsessive devotion, making people disregard their morals, relations and even their own lives.
Статья посвящена влиянию материального благосостояния на личность человека и отражению данной проблемы в творчестве Джека Лондона. Анализ рассказов «Тысяча долларов» и «Человек со шрамом» свидетельствует о том, что данная проблема находит своё воплощение в сюжетных решениях, а также прямой и косвенной характеристике персонажей. А.А. ЯрошенкоРеспублика Беларусь, Брест, БрГУ имени А.С. Пушкина Научный руководитель – Т.С. Троцюк “A DIRTY FOOT IS A PURE FOOT” (DALAI LAMA)The longest living Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso is the 14th and the present Dalai Lama who holds the profile of a spiritual and political leader of Tibet. Dalai Lamas head monk of the Gelugpa lineage of Tibetan Buddhism, are said to be reincarnated souls in the line of tulkus, who are considered to be manifestations of the bodhisattva of compassion. Spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism, and in the tradition of Bodhisattva, Dalai Lamas are said to spend their entire life committed to promoting humanity. These souls chose to be reincarnated instead of attaining ‘nirvana’ for the benefit of the society and mankind. Dalai Lama is a combination of Mongolian word, Dalai and Tibetan word lama. While former means ocean, the latter stands for teacher. Since 1391 until date, there have been 14 Dalai Lamas, from the first GedunDrupa until the present Tenzin Gyatso. Coming back to the 14th Dalai Lama, he was appointed at the age of two and was formally recognized when he was 15. Fearing assassination, he fled from Tibet and stationed himself and thousands of refugees in Dharmasala Himachal Pradesh. He established the Tibetan Parliament in Exile and has been an advocator for the Tibetan across the globe. Ever since his enthronement, he has strived to make Tibet an independent and democratic state, free from the dominance by People’s Republic of China. He strongly preaches as well as practices the importance of non-violence and peace and significance of compassion. The head of the preserved body of the 13th Dalai Lama which was facing southeast had mysteriously turned northeast, indicating the direction in which his successor would be found. Later on, the Regent, Reting Rinpoche, had a vision which indicated Amdo as the region where the successor would be found. When young Lhamo was presented with various relics, some of which belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama and some not, he immediately recognized those that were owned by his predecessor. Thus, at the tender age of two, young Lhamo was proclaimed as the 14th Dalai Lama was renamed Tenzin Gyatso. Gyatso was not enthroned until the age of fifteen. As a result, the Regent acted as the head of the Tibetan parliament or Kashag until that time. Gyatso received his monastic education starting at the age of six. While YongdzinTrijang Rinpoche was his junior teacher, Yongdzin Ling Rinpoche served as his senior teacher.It was at the age of 23 that His Holiness took his final examination at Lhasa’s Jokhang Temple during the annual Monlam or prayer Festival. He passed the exam with distinction and was awarded GesheLharampa degree, the highest-level degree, equivalent to a doctorate in Buddhist philosophy. Meanwhile, relations between People’s Republic of China and Tibet had worsened in Tenzin Gyatso’s growing years. Ma Bufang prevented the Tibetans from gaining independence. He even threatened Tibet with aerial bombardment lest it seeked helped from the Japanese. MaBufang attacked various Tibetan Buddhist monasteries such as the Tsang monastery and Labrang monastery. In 1950, the army of the People’s Republic of China had defeated the Tibetan counterparts and marched up to the edge of the Dalai Lama's territory, sending a delegation thereafter. Almost a month later, the 14th Dalai Lama ascended to His throne, assuming full political power and was formally adjudged as the temporal ruler of Tibet. His first major political move was when he sent a delegation from Tibet to Beijing in 1950, which endorsed the Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet. With the 1959 Tibetan uprising and the brutal suppression of the same in the Lhasa region by the Chinese troops, the Dalai Lama was forced to escape into exile for the fear of assassination. Assisted by the CIA Special Activities Division, the Dalai Lama crossed the border to reach Tezpur in Assam, India. His Holiness established a Government of Tibet in Exile in Dharamsala, a city in the Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh, India. The city came to be known as ‘Little Lhasa’. Since then, His Holiness has been living in Dharamsala. Seeking to preserve the Tibetan culture and education system, the Dalai Lama established a Tibetan educational system in order to teach the Tibetan children the language, history, religion, and culture. In the following years, he started the Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts and the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies, both of which became the primary university for Tibetans in India. He not just focused on teaching the refugees the Tibetan culture, history and religion; he even initiated re-founding several monasteries and nunneries. The latter was basically his attempt to uphold and preserve the Tibetan Buddhist teaching and lifestyle. After the Chinese invasion, the Dalai Lama, through his Central Tibetan Administration, made appeals in the United Nations for the rights of Tibetans. The appeals led to the formation of three resolutions, adopted by the General Assembly. Each of the resolutions targeted China to provide Tibetans the basic human rights. Acting further to the cause, His Holiness established a democratic constitution, idolizing it upon the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. He created an elected parliament and an administration to champion his cause. Almost seven years later, the Dalai Lama opened to the world one of the most important institutions of Tibetology – the Library of Tibetan Works and Archives in Dharamsala. Housing more than 80,000 manuscripts and important knowledge resources related to Tibetan history, politics and culture, the institution is a mecca for someone who wants to get in-depth information about Tibetan history and its culture. He is also believed to have held extensive interfaith dialogue with people of the Jewish faith. While he first met them in Dharamshala, where a delegation of Jewish teachers had come, he also visited Israel thrice and even had a meeting with the Chief Rabbi of the country. In 2007, the Dalai Lama participated in the Third Meeting of the Board of World Religious Leaders held in Amritsar India. Currently a member of the Board of World Religious Leaders as part of The Elijah Interfaith Institute, he was there to discuss on the topic of love and forgiveness. The Dalai Lama has conducted numerous teaching activities across various institutions in the US. The first was when he was selected as the Presidential Distinguished Professor at Emory University in Atlanta. Thereafter, he gave lectures at the University of Michigan, conducted a series of teachings at Lehigh University and gave a public lecture at the Colgate University. He was honored with Nobel Peace Prize in 1989 for his nonviolent efforts for the liberation of Tibet, for his outstanding achievements and relentless work on peace. In 2005, Dalai Lama was proffered the Christmas Humphreys Award by the Buddhist Society in United Kingdom. And he is the proud recipient of the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award, which was conferred upon him by the American lawmakers in 2007.
В статье раскрывается жизненный путь Далай Ламы и его роль в истории. Yüklə 1,51 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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