Semitic Lanrnsses

BIBLIo68APHT: Mission Herald, 1857, pp. 224 229.
SMITH, GEORGE: Assyriologist; b. at Ca (4 m. s.w. of St. Paul's), England, Mar. 26, 1840; d. at Aleppo, Turkey, Aug. 19, 1876. He began life as an engraver; taught himself the oriental lan­guages, and first came into prominence in 1866 by a contribution to the London Athenancm, upon the Tribute of Jehu, which revealed his studies, assidu­ously carried on at leisure moments, of the Ninevite sculptures in the British Museum. In 1867 he entered upon his official life at the British Museum, and in 1870 was appointed a senior assistant of the lower section in the department of Egyptian and Oriental antiquities, and from that time stood in the first rank of Assyrian scholars. He made expe­ditions to Nineveh in 1873 at the expense of the London Daily Telegraph, and in 1874 and 1875 on behalf of the British Museum, and obtained immense

459 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA

treasures in cuneiform inscriptions (see AssYRIA, III., j 7, for his explorations). He published The Phonetic Values of the Cuneiform Characters (London, 1871); The Chaldean Account of the Deluge . . . Re­printed from the Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archeology (1873); Assyrian Discoveries; an Ac­count of Explorations and Discoveries on the Site of Nineveh, during 187'3 and 1874 . . . with Illus­trations (1875); The Assyrian Eponym Canon, Con­taining Translations of the Documents, and an Ac­count of the Evidence, on the Comparative Chronology of the Assyrian and Jewish Kingdoms, from the Death of Solomon to Nebuchadnezzar (1875); Ancient His­tory from the Monuments, 1., Assyria, 11., Babylonia (2 vols., 1875 77); The Chaldean Account of Genesis, Containing the Description of the Creation, the Fall of Man, the Deluge, the Tower of Babel, the Times of the Patriarchs, and Nimrod; Babylonian Fables, and Legends of the Gods; from the Cuneiform Inscriptions. With Illustrations (1876); History of Sennacherib (1878). See ASSYRIA, III., § 7.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: A. H. Sayee, in Nature, Sept. 14, 1878; TSBA, vols. i. v.; R. W. Rogers, Hint. of Babylonia and Assyria, vol. i., New York, 1900; H. V. Hilprecht, Ex­plorations in Bible Lands, Philadelphia, 1903; DNB, liii. 39 41.

SMITH, GEORGE ADAM: United Free Church of Scotland; b. at Calcutta, India, Oct. 19, 1856. He was educated at Edinburgh University (1873­1875; M.A., 1875) and New College, Edinburgh (1875 78), and the universities of Tubingen (1876) and Leipsic (1877). He then traveled in Egypt and Syria, and in 1880 became assistant minister at the West Free Church, Brechin, also being tutor in Hebrew in the Free Church College at Aberdeen in 1880 82. From 1882 to 1892 he was minister of Queen's Cross Free Church, Aberdeen; became professor of Old Testament language, literature, and theology in the United Free Church College, Glas­gow, in 1892; and principal of Aberdeen University in 1909. He has traveled extensively in Palestine, and was Percy Turnbull Lecturer on Hebrew poetry at Johns Hopkins in 1896, Lyman Beecher Lecturer at Yale in 1899, and Jowett Lecturer in London in 1900. He has written Book of Isaiah (2 vols., Lon­don, 1888 90); The Preaching of the Old Testament to the Age (1893); Historical Geography of the Holy Land (1894); Book of the Twelve Prophets, commonly Called the Minor (2 vols., 1896 97); Life of Henry Drum­mond (1898); Modern Criticism and the Preaching of the Old Testament (Lyman Beecher lectures; 1901); Forgiveness of Sins, and Other Sermons (1904); and Jerusalem: The Topography, Economics, and His­toryfrom the Earliest Times to A.D. 70 (2 vols.,1908).

SMITH, GEORGE VANCE: English Unitarian; b. at Portarlington (40 m. w.s.w. of Dublin), Ireland, June 13, 1816; d. at Bowdon (25 m. e. of Liverpool), England, Feb. 28, 1902. He was educated in Man­chester New College, York, 1836 41, and London University (B.A., 1841); was minister at Bradford, Yorkshire, 1841 43, and Macclesfield, 1843 46; the­ological tutor in Manchester New College, Manches­ter and London, 1846 57; minister at York, 1858­1875; at the Upper Chapel, Sheffield, 1875 76; and from 1876 was principal of Carmarthen Presbyte­rian College, Wales. He was one of the New Tester

ment revisers from the formation of the committee in 1870. A " liberal Christian," unfettered by sub­scription to theological creeds, he was the author of The Prophecies Relating to Nineveh and the Assyrians, Translated from the Hebrew, with Historical Intro­ductions and Notes, Exhibiting the Principal Results of the Recent Discoveries (London, 1857); Eternal Punishment, a Tract for the Times: with Remarks on Dr. Pussy's Defence of the Doctrine (1865); The Bible and Popular Theology: A Re statement of Truths and Principles, with special Reference to recent Works of Dr. Liddon, Lord Hatherley, the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, and Others (1871); The Spirit and the Word of Christ, and Their Permanent Lessons (1874); The Prophets and Their Interpreters (1878); Texts and Margins of the Revised New Testa­ment Afecting Theological Doctrine briefly Reviewed (1881); The Bible and its Theology as popularly Taught (1892); and one of the authors of The Holy Scriptures of the Old Covenant, in a New Translation (1859).
SMITH, HASKETT: Church of England; b. in London July 16, 1847; d. at Chorley Wood (20 m. s.e. of Hertford), Hertfordshire, Jan. 12, 1906. He was educated at Christ's College, Cambridge (B.A., 1870); was ordered deacon in 1870 and ordained priest in the following year; was curate of Can­wick in 1870 72; and of St. Mary Magdalene, Lincoln, 1872 75; second master of Lincoln Gram­mar School, 1870 75; and rector of Brauncewell­cum Anwick, Lincolnshire, 1875 99, although he resided for several years on Mount Carmel and traveled extensively, spending also two years in the United States, when he was in charge of All Saints', Pasadena, Cal., 1898 1900. In 1900 he took charge of Ballarat Cathedral, Australia. In theology he was a Broad churchman. He wrote The Divine Epiphany, in Ten Progressive Scenes (London, 1878); The Lord's Prayer: A Series of short meditative Ad­dresses (1885); For God and Humanity: A Romance of Mount Carmel (3 vols., Edinburgh, 1891); Hand­book for Travellers in Syria and Palestine (London, 1892); Guide to the Mediterranean (1900); and Patrollers of Palestine (1906).
SMITH, HENRY: Puritan; b. at Withoote (12 m. e. of Leicester) c. 1550; d. at Husbands Bosworth (13 m. s.s.e. of Leicester), buried there July 4, 1591. His father was wealthy and his con­nections were aristocratic. His education was re­ceived at Oxford (B.A., 1578 79), and he became a Puritan while an undergraduate. He had con­scientious scruples against taking a pastoral charge and so ministered in other ways, first in Husbands Bosworth, and from 1587 to 1590 in London where he was " lecturer " at St. Clement Danes. Ill health compelled his resignation and he returned to the country to die. He made a great reputation for himself as a preacher, winning the sobriquet of "silver tongued." His sermons were taken down in shorthand and printed at first without his knowledge, but before his death he made a collection of them and gave them his revision. They passed through at least seventeen editions, but the modern reader finds them less interesting than he expects. They are, however, good reading. Perhaps enough are given

Smith THE NEW SCHAFF HERZOG 480

in The Sermons of Henry Smith, the Silver Tongued Preacher, a selection edited by John Brown, London, 1909. He wrote also Latin poetry, and some has been translated.

BIBrcooaeraY: There is a Memoir by Thomas Fuller in an edition of Sermons, London, 1675, new ed., 2 vols., 1866. Consult further DNB, liii. 48 49, where references are given to scattering notices.
SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON: American theologian; b. in Portland, Me., Nov. 21, 1815; d. in New York Feb. 7, 1877. He was graduated from Bowdoin College in 1834; studied theology at Andover and Bangor, and then spent a year as tutor in Greek and as librarian at Bowdoin. Late in 1837 he went abroad on account of ill health, and passed the winter in Paris, hearing lectures at the Sorbonne, at the Institute, and at the Royal Academy. The next two years were spent chiefly at Halle and Berlin. After a short visit to England, he returned home in the summer of 1840, and was at once licensed to preach. But his health again gave way, delaying his settlement until the close of 1842, when he was ordained as pastor of the Congregational Church at West Amesbury, Mass. Here he labored four years, supplying also during two winters the chair of Hebrew at Andover. In 1847 he became professor of mental and moral philosophy in Amherst College, and in 1850 of church history in Union Theological Seminary, New York City. Three years later he was transferred to the chair of systematic theology. In both departments he wrought with the hand of a master, and, alike by his teaching and his writings, won a commanding position as one of the foremost scholars and divines of the country. His influence was soon felt throughout the Presbyterian Church and was especially powerful in shaping opinion in the New School branch of it, to which he belonged. He was sole editor of The New York Evangelist, and joint editor of The American Theological Re­view, The American Presbyterian and Theological Review, and, later, The Presbyterian Quarterly and Princeton Review. In 1859 he published Tables of Church History, a work embodying the results of vast labor. He took a leading part in the memorable Union Convention at Philadelphia in 1867. During the war he wrote very ably in support of the national cause. In 1859 he revisited Europe, also in 1866, and again in 1869; the latter visit, lasting a year and a half, included a journey to the East. After his re­turn he resumed his labors in the seminary, but with health so greatly enfeebled that early in 1874 he resigned his chair and was made professor emeritus.

Whether regarded as a theologian, as a philo­sophical thinker, or as a general scholar and critic, Smith was one of the most accomplished men of his time. He was specially gifted as a theological teacher, arousing enthusiasm in his students, in­spiring them with reverence for the Holy Scriptures, fostering in them a devout, earnest, catholic spirit, dealing gently and wisely with their doubts, and impressing upon them continually, alike by example and instruction, the sovereign claims of their Re­deemer, the glory of his kingdom, and the blessed­ness of a life consecrated to him. His services to the Union Theological Seminary were varied and ines­timable. The Presbyterian Church in the United

States also owes him a lasting debt of gratitude. He has been called " the hero of re union," and no man better merited the praise. Most of his essays and reviews are embraced in his Faith and Philosophy (ed. G. L. Prentiss, New York, 1877); his Lectures on Apologetics (ed. W. S. Karr) appeared in 1882, New York. He was also the author of Introduction to Christian Theology: 1: A general Introduction; S: The special Introduction; or, the Prolegomena of systematic Theology (ed. W. S. Karr, 1883); and System of Christian Theology (ed. W. S. Karr, 1884).

BIHwOGRAmT: Mrs. H. B. Smith, Henry Boynton Smith, his Life and his Work, New York, 1880; L. F. Stearns, Henry Boynton Smith, Boston, 1892; G. L. Prentiss, Union Theological Seminary in . . . New York; historical and biographical Sketches, New York, 1889; idem, Union Theo­logical Seminary, . . . Another Decade of its History, As­bury Park, 1899.

SMITH, HENRY GOODWIN: Presbyterian, son of the preceding; b. in New York City Jan. 8, 1860. He was educated at Amherst College (A.B., 1881) and at Union Theological Seminary, New York (1884). He was pastor of the Presbyterian church at Freehold, N. J. (1886 96), and, after studying in Europe in 1896 97, was appointed professor of sys­tematic theology in Lane Theological Seminary, Cincinnati, O., a position which he retained until 1903, when he retired from active life.

SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED: Congregation­alist; b. at Troy, O., Oct. 23, 1847. He was edu­cated at Marietta College, Amherst College (A.B., 1869), Lane Theological Seminary (1872), and the universities of Berlin (1872 74) and Leipsic (1876­1877). He was instructor in church history at Lane Theological Seminary (1874 75), and in Hebrew (1875 76); professor of Hebrew and Old Testament exegesis in the same institution (1877 93). From 1898 to 1906 he was professor of Biblical litera­ture at Amherst College (1898 1906); and professor of Hebrew language and literature at Meadville

Theological School, Meadville, Pa., since 1907. In theology he affirms his " belief in religion as the life of God in the human soul, and in the Christian religion as the fullest measure of that life, mediated through Jesus Christ." In 1875 he was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry, but was suspended for

alleged " heretical " teaching by the Presbytery of Cincinnati in 1893. Six years later he was received into the Congregational ministry by the Hampshire Association. He has written Biblical Scholarship aced Inspi(in collaboration with L. J. Evans; Cincinnati, 1891); Inspiration and Inerrancy (1893); The Bible and Islam (New York, 1896); Critical Commentary on the Books of Samuel (1899); and Old Testament History (1904).

SMITH, ISAAC GREGORY: Church of England; b. at Manchester Nov. 21, 1826. He was educated at Trinity College, Oxford (B.A., 1849), and was fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford, from 1850 to 1855. He was ordered deacon in 1853 and ordained

priest in the following year. He was rector of Ted_ stone Delamere (1854 72); vicar of Great Malvern (1872 96), and rector of Great Shefford (1896 1904), when he retired from active life. He was prebendary

of Pratum Minus in Hereford Cathedral (187"7), rural dean of Powick (1882 96), examining chaplain

481 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA smith

to the bishop of St. David's (1882 97), and honor­ary canon of Worcester (1887 96), and Bampton lecturer in 1873. He has written Life of Our Blessed Saviour (London, 1864); Faith and Philosophy (1867); The Characteristics of Christianity (Bampton lectures; 1873); History of the Diocese of Worcester (in collaboration with P. Onslow; 1883); History of Christian Monasticism (1892); Boniface (1896); The Holy Days (poems; 1900); The Athanasian Creed (1902); What is Truth 1 (1905); and Thoughts on Religion. (2 series, 1909).
SMITH, JAMES ALLAN: Church of England; b. at Pyecombe, Sussex, Aug. 2,1841. He was edu­cated at Wadham College, Oxford (B.A., 1863), and was ordered deacon in 1864 and ordained priest in 1865. He was curate of Holy Trinity, Marylebone, 1864 66; lecturer of Boston, Lincolnshire, 1866 70; vicar of Holy Trinity, Nottingham, 1870 84; and vicar of Swansea in 1884 1902 and of Hay in 1902­1903; prebendary of Sanctm Crucis in Lincoln Cathedral in 1875 97, and chancellor and canon residentiary of St. David's Cathedral in 1897 1903; became dean 1903; chaplain to the bishop of St. David's, 1897.
SMITH, JOHN: Founder of the General Bap­tists. See SMYTH6 JOHN.
SMITH, JOHN: One of the leaders of the school of seventeenth century philosophers known as the " Cambridge Platonists " (q.v.); b. at Achurch (14 m. s.w. of Peterborough), Northamptonshire, 1616; d. at Cambridge Aug. 7, 1652. He studied at Em­manuel College, Cambridge (B.A., 1640; M.A.,1644, in which year he was chosen fellow of Queen's). He seems to have shown something of Whichcote's marvellous power as a teacher, and to have been of pure and lofty character; but he left behind him nothing except the Select Discourses (ed., with Memoir, J. Worthington, London, 1660), which are animated by the breath of a high, divine reason, and show a logic almost as keen and direct as Chilling­worth's, and an imagination as rich as Jeremy Taylor's. Taken together, they form the first part of a scheme of thought which Smith did not live to finish. The opening discourse, " Of the True Way or Method of Attaining to Divine Knowledge," gives the keynote of his system, and shows how he attempted to draw up a scheme of speculative, and Platonic, philosophy. Having defined the mode of attaining the divine, and distinguished it from atheism on one side and superstition on the other, he proceeds to expound its main principles, immortality and God, to which he intended to add " the communication of God to mankind through Christ.

BIHLIOGBAPHT. Besides the memoir in the Select Discourse*, ut sup., consult: W. M. Metcalfe, Natural Truth of Chris­tianity, Paisley, 1880; J. Talloch. Rational Theology and Christian Philosophy in England in the 17th Century, ii. 117 192, Edinburgh, 1882; E. T. Campagnac, The Cam­bridge Plakniats, Oxford, 1901; E. George, Seventeenth Century Men of Latitude: Forerunners of the New Theology, New York, 1908; DNB, liii. 74 75: and in general the literature under CAMBRIDGE PLATONIHTe.

SMITH, JOHN PYE: English Independent; b. at Sheffield May 25, 1774; d. at Guildford (17

m. s.w. of London) Feb. 5, 1851. He had no regular schooling, but read omnivorously in his father's book shop, and in 1796, on the expiration of his ap­prenticeship, studied theology at Rotherham Acad­emy until 1800, when he was appointed resident tutor at Homerton College, London. Six years later he was promoted to a theological tutorship, which he retained until shortly before his death. As tutor he lectured on the New Testament, Hebrew grammar, logic, rhetoric, mathematics, and, in his later years, on science. He was essentially a man of industry, versatility, and piety rather than of brilliancy or depth, yet he made a profound im­pression on the theological thought of his time by his Scripture Testimony to the Messiah (2 vols., London, 1818 21; a valuable defense of Trinitarian­ism against Unitarianism) and Relation between the Holy Scripture arid some Parts of Geological Science (1839). He was likewise the author, among other works, of The Reasons of the Protestant Religion (London, 1815); Four Discourses ors the Sacrifice arid Priesthood of Jesus Christ, and on Atonement aced Redemption (1828); On the Principles of Inter­pretation as applied to the Prophecies of Holy Scrip­ture (1829); Scripture and Theology (1839); and the posthumous First Lines of Christian Theology (1854).

BIHLJoaHAPHY: J. Medway, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of John Pye Smith, London, 1853; DNB, liii. 8"7.

SMITH, JOHN TALBOT: Roman Catholic; b. at Saratoga, N. Y., Sept. 22, 1855. He was educated at the Cathedral School, Albany, N. Y., and at St. Michael's College, Toronto (1874 81). After being a missionary in the Adirondacks from 1881 to 1889, he was editor of the New York Catholic Review from 1889 to 1892. Since 1900 he has been a trustee of the Catholic Summer School, and presi­dent since 1905. He has written A Woman of Cul­ture (New York, 1881); Solitary Island (1884); His Honor, the Mayor (1891); Saranac (1893); The Training of a Priest (1896); The Chaplain's Ser­mons (1896); Brother Azarias (1897); Lenten Ser­mons (1899); The Man who Vanished (1902); The Closed Road (1904); and History of the Catholics of New York (3 vols., 1905).

SMITH, JOSEPH. See MoaMoNs.
SMITH, JOSEPH FIELDING: Mormon; b. at Far West, Mo., Nov. 13, 1838. At the age of ten, he went to Salt Lake with the other Mormons ex­pelled from Nauvoo, and for six years (1848 54) was a herdsman, harvester, and woodsman in Utah. In 1854 he was sent as a Mormon missionary to Hawaii, where he remained until 1858, returning to be sergeant at arms of the territorial legislature (1858 59). In 1858 he was made a high priest and a member of the high council, and in 1860 was a mis­sionary to England, also visiting Denmark and Paris in 1862. He again visited Hawaii in 1864, where he was in charge of the Mormon missionaries, but was recalled and was associated with the church historian's office, and engaged in home missionary work, until 1866, when he was ordained an apostle, being also elected a member of the city council of Salt Lake City and of the territorial legislature in the same year. In 1867 he was made one of the council

THE NEW SCHAFF HER,ZOG

of twelve, but in 1868 removed to Provo, Utah, returning, however, to resume his work in the his­torian's office. Appointed director of all the Mor­mon missions in Europe, he made a tour of England, Scandinavia, Germany, France, and Switzerland in 1874, and again visited Europe is 1877. He was recalled by the death of Brigham Young, but made a short mission to the eastern states in the same year, after which he was in charge of the endowment house at Salt Lake City until it was closed in 1884. In 1880 he was appointed second counselor to President John Taylor, and in 1882 was also presi­dent of the council of the Utah legislature, as well as president of the Utah constitutional conven­tion. He was continued in his position of second counselor by President Wilford Woodruff, and, on the death of Lorenzo Snow in 1901, succeeded him as president of the Mormon Church, which dignity he still holds.

SMITH, JUDSON: Congregationalist; b. at Middlefield, Mass., June 28, 1837; d. at Roxbury, Mass., June 29, 1906. He was graduated from Amherst College (A.B., 1859) and from Oberlin Theological Seminary, Oberlin, O. (1863). He was tutor in Latin and Greek in Oberlin College (1862­1864); instructor in mathematics and metaphysics at Williston Seminary, Easthampton, Mass. (1864­1866), and was ordained to the ministry (1866). He was professor of Latin in Oberlin College (1866 70), and of ecclesiastical history and positive institutions in the Oberlin Theological Seminary (1870 84), also serving as dean of the faculty; lecturer in mod­ern history at Oberlin College (1875,84), as well as at the Lake Erie Female Seminary, Painesville, O. (1879,84); and lecturer on foreign missions in the Hartford Theological Seminary from 1884 till his death. He was acting pastor at the Second Con­gregational Church at Oberlin in 1874 75 and again in 1882 84. In 1883 54 he was editor of Bibliotheca Sacra, on which he continued to serve as associate editor. After 1884 he was foreign secretary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis­sions. His theological standpoint was that of the New England theology, holding fast to the historic faith of Christendom, but welcoming all new light that broke forth from the Word of God. He was the author of Lectures in Church History and the History of Doctrine from the Beginning of the Chris­tian Era to 181,8 (Oberlin, O., 1881), and T.eeturea in Modern History (1881).

SMITH, RODNEY ("GIPSY SMITH ") : Meth­odist evangelist; b. at Wanstead (6 m. n.e. of Lon­don), Essex, England, Mar. 31, 1860. He is of Gipsy parentage, and was converted at the age of sixteen. In 1877 he became an evangelist under the auspices of the Christian Mission of London, and preached suc­cessfully in various places, particularly at Whitby, Sheffield, Bolton, Chatham, Hull, Derby, and Han­ley. Meanwhile, the Christian Mission had devel­oped into the Salvation Army (q.v.), and in 1882 Smith was dismissed for a technical breach of dis­cipline. He continued to preach in Hanley, how­ever, but in 1883, after conducting evangelistic serv­ices for a time at Hull, made a brief visit to Sweden. Returning to Hanley, he remained there until 1886

when he resigned to resume evangelistic work, being engaged in these labors until the end of 1888. Early in 1889 he visited the United States, conducting services in various cities, returning to England later in the same year and becoming connected with the Manchester Mission. In 1891 he again visited the United States. In 1892 he conducted services in Edinburgh, and from this grew the Gipsy Gospel Wagon Mission, devoted to evangelistic work among his own people. He visited America for the third time in 1893. After a five months' revival in Glas­gow in 1893 94, Smith went to Australia, preaching at Adelaide, Melbourne, and Sydney, after which he returned to England by way of the United States. In 1895 he preached in London, Manchester, Edin­burgh, as well as in many smaller cities, and in 1896 paid his fifth visit to America, returning to England and conducting brief evangelistic campaigns until 1897, when he became first missioner of the National Free Church Council. This position he still retains, and in this capacity he has conducted revivals throughout England, besides paying still another visit to the United States in 1907.

Bisncoansra:: Oipay Smith, Aia Life and Work (sutobiog­1'ePhY), new ad., New York, 1907.