Semitic Lanrnsses

very

assistance of Professor Samuel Ives Curtiss and Dea­con C. F. Gates. The Rev. Edwin A. Adams, who had been an associate with Dr. Schauffter in Bohemia, was placed in charge of the Bohemian Mission in Chicago. The result is a church reporting about 200 members, with a Sunday school having an aver­age attendance of 500. Farther extension of this work appears in the opening of missions to this people at St. Louis (1889), Silver Lake, Minn. (1890), Mil­waukee, Wis. (1890), Crete, Neb. (1895), St. Paul, Minn. (1895), and Vining, Iowa (1899). The Pres­byterians have missions for the Bohemians at Pitts­burg, Pa., and at Wisconsin, South Dakota.

Outside of Cleveland and Chicago, the first Slavic mission was the outgrowth of Polish Sunday school work maintained chiefly by the First Congregational Church at Detroit, Mich., where in May, 1892, there was formed the first Protestant Polish church in the United States. The second Polish mission was un­dertaken in a large community contiguous to Beth­lehem, Cleveland, Ohio, where Mizpah Chapel was erected in 1893 and work carried on with the con­current use of four languages, Polish, Bohemian, German, and English. . Under Congregational direc­tion Polish missions have been attempted in Toledo, Ohio, Bay City, Mich., and in the states of Massa­chusetts and Connecticut. Work has also been done by the Baptists at Buffalo, by the Methodists at Baltimore and Detroit, and by the United Presby­terians at Pittsburg. Another interesting and suc­cessful work was begun Aug., 1890, at Braddock, Pa., among the Hungarian Slovaks a Slavic people resident in Hungary prior to the advent of the Magyar which resulted in 1896 in the organiza­tion of a church with 119 members, and in the rapid extension of Slovak mission work to all the suburbs of Pittsburg, Pa.

Such expansion required additional workers, trained and educated in the Slavic and English languages, for thus far the converts had but a meager education. The Slavic Department of Oberlin Seminary was instituted in 1885, and has since been amply endowed, to educate a suffi­cient ministerial force; and also The Schauffler Missionary Training School of Cleveland, Ohio, was established (1886) also endowed for the training of Slavic women as missionaries and Bible­readers, through whom the homes of the foreign population may be reached, as can not be prudently done by men.

The estimated force (1911) of trained missionary workers is 125, occupying sixty church buildings, in thirteen different states, and working for five different denominations. There are, also, religious papers, published weekly and widely circulated, in Bohemian and Polish. It is everywhere confessed, by those who are opposed, as well as by friends of this work, that these missions have exerted a great and uplifting influence for good morals, good citizen­ship, and a high ideal of religious life, wherever established. FRANCIS METHERALL WHITLOCK.

BrBLjoGHAPHT: Consult the reports of Dr. Schaufder in The Home Missionary Magazine. New York; and the Reports

of the Congregational Home Missionary Society, 1884 sqq.

SLAVS, CONVERSION OF THE. See CYRIL AND METHODIUS; MIECZYSLAw; and WENZEL, SAINT.

SLEIDANUS, alai l6'nus, JOHANNES: Histori­ographer of the German Reformation; b. at Schlei­dea (35 m. s.w. of Cologne) probably in 1506; d. at Strasburg Oct. 31, 1556. His family name was Philippi. He was educated at Li6ge and apparently at Cologne and Louvain, and by 1530 was an Eras­mian humanist, although professing deep admira­tion for Melanchthon. In 1533 he took up his resi­dence in France, where he occupied a number of positions which brought him into contact with the anti Hapsburg policy of Francis I., who sought alliance with German Protestantism. During this same period Sleidanus received from the works and personal letters of Calvin an influence which modi­fied his entire outlook on life, and he became deeply interested in the importance of modern history for the statesman. In 1537 he published at Paris his epitome of Froissart's chronicle under the title Froasardi . . . hiatoriarum opus omne, jam primum et brevfxer collectum, et Latino sermons redditum (Eng. transl. by P. Golding, London, 1608), and three years later was secretly commissioned to watch a delegate sent to the diet of Hagenau to prevent an alliance of the Schmalkald League, especially Philip of Hesse, with Charles V. On his return he wrote, under the pseudonym of Baptista Lasdenus, an at­tack upon the pope entitled Oration . . . van des Bapatumbs aufkomen and abnrmen (Strasburg [?], 1541), following this with two similar " orations " (Augsburg [?], 1542; Strasburg, 1544). In 1541 Sleidanus was sent as interpreter on a second fruit­less mission, this time directly to the leaders of the Schmalkald League. His position was then com­plicated by the repression of French Protestantism by Francis I., but though he spent some time in Germany, he returned to France, whence, after ac­companying Cardinal Jean du Bellay in a vain effort to attend the Diet of Speier in 1544, he was ap­parently sent on a secret mission to Germany to win the Schmalkald League to alliance with France, thenceforth residing at Strasburg.

Butzer, whose shorter catechism Sleidanus had translated into Latin in 1544, now urged Landgrave Philip to appoint the statesman historiographer of the Reformation, for which he had long been gather­ing material. The work was delayed; however, by the French war, and in the mean while Sleidanus prepared a Latin translation of Philippe de Comines' chronicle under the title De rebus gestis Ltulovici . . . undecimi, Galliarum regia, et Caroli Burgundia= duds (Strasburg, 1545). In 1545 he was sent on another fruitless mission to England, and this in­terruption was followed by another French war, but in 1551 he was promised an annual pension by Edward VI. and Cranmer. From the autumn of 1551 to Apr., 1552, he was an envoy at Trent, and took part in an embassy to Henry II., while in May, 1554, he was the representative of Strasburg at a conference held at Naumburg. During all this time he had labored on his history, despite poverty and scanty material, and in 1555 it appeared at Strasburg under the title De statu religionia et rei. publiciv, Carob Quinto CCTsare, commentarii (Eng. transl. by J. Daus, A Famous, Chronicle of ours Time, Called Sleidanes Commentaries, London, 1560, and E. Bohun, The General History of the Reform 

Smalley

S THE NEW SCHAFF HERZOG 456

mith

tion of the Church from the Errors and Corruptions

of the Church of Rome, ib., 1689). Storms of protest

arose against it on every side, both Roman Catholic

and Protestant, and Melanchthon declared that its

revelation of Protestant folly and pettiness was such

as to render it unfit to be placed in the hands of

impressionable youth (CR, viii. 483).

The tenure of office of Sleidanus, who had taken

an active part in school administration in Stras­

burg since 1553, expired in June, 1556, and such was

the odium excited by his book that no one would

now employ him. When, however, a university

was founded at Duisburg, his name was proposed

for the professorship of history, but before any

action could be taken he was dead. A few months

before his death he published his De quatuor sumr

mis imperiis, Babylonieo, Persico, Grow et Romano,

libri tres (Eng. transl., London, 1627), which ran

through repeated editions and translations, being

used as late as the eighteenth century. A number

of his writings, including the one just mentioned,

were collected in his opuscula (ed. H. Putschius,

Hanover, 1608), and his correspondence has been

edited by H. Baumgarten (Sleidan's Briefwechsel,

Strasburg, 1881). (G. KAwERAU.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Earlier works are rendered paaeb by H.

Baumgarten's Ueber Sleidane Leben and Briefioechsel,

Strasburg, 1878, and the Briefieechsel of Sleidanus, ib.

1881. Consult further: J. O. Miiller, A us den Eifelbergen,

Langenberg, 1887 Bourilly, Jean Sleidan d le Cardinal

du Bellay, in Bulletin historique et littiraire, pp. 225 sqq.,

Paris, 1901; idem, Guillaume du Bellay, Paris, 1904;

A. Hasenclever, Sleidan Studien, Bonn, 1905; ADB, mtiv.

354 sqq.

SMALLEY, am81'li, JOHN: Congregationalist;

b. in Columbia, Conn., June 4, 1734; d. in New

Britain, Conn., June 1, 1820. He was graduated

from Yale College, 1756, where he experienced what

he described sometimes as his actual, sometimes as

his second, conversion, his first having occurred dur­

ing childhood. This later conversion he attributed

to his reading of Edwards' treatise on the Will.

Through this he became a leader in the contest

against the enthusiasm of the Separates, against

the Half way Covenant, and in defense of the New­

England Theology (q.v.).

Having pursued his theological studies with Dr.

Joseph Bellamy, he was ordained Apr. 19, 1758,

over the Congregational Church in New Britain,

Conn. He remained in this pastorate more than

fifty five years, and the marked success of his pas­

torate is a matter of historical interest. His suc­

cess as a theological instructor was yet more re­

markable. Among his pupils may be named Na­

thaniel Emmons, and Ebenezer Porter (qq.v.), who,

as a professor at Andover, exerted a formative in­

fluence on the seminary. Four of Smalley's ser­

f ns were of great importance. Two were on The

Consistency of the Sinner's Inability (Hartford,

1769 republished in England). Two were entitled

Justification through Christ an Act of Free Grace, and

None but Believers saved through the All Sufficient

Satisfaction of Christ (1786, 1787; repeatedly

republished). He also issued two volumes of Dis­

courses (1803, 1814).

BIBLIOGRAPHY: W. B. Sprague, Annals of the American

Pulpit, i. 559 565, New York, 1859; W. Walker, irk Amer­

ican Church History Series, vol. iii. passim, ib. 1894; F. H.

Foster, Genetic Hist. of the New England Theology, pp. 199­200, 221, Chicago, 1907.

SMARAGDUS, ama reg'dus: The name of several medieval monastic authors.

1. Abbot of St. Mihiel, in the diocese of Verdun, and one of the most distinguished representatives of Frankish theology in the Carolingian period. In 810 he was one of Charlemagne's envoys to bear the resolution of the Synod of Aachen to Leo III., and was secretary in the ensuing negotiations regarding the procession of the Holy Ghost and the liturgical use of the Nicene Creed. Louis the Pious not only gave him many gifts and privileges for his monastery but also made him one of the arbitrators in the controversy between Ismundus, bishop of Milan, and his monks. His works, most of which are collected in MPL, cii., reveal considerable patris­tic learning and much practical piety, but are al­most wholly devoid of originality. His chief exe­getical work, Commentarius, give collectiones in evan­gelia et epidolm quo per circuitum anni in templis leguntur, is a compilation for homiletic use; but his Expositio, give cammentarii in regulam Sancti Bene­dicti reveals him as an adherent of the strict reforms of his contemporary, Benedict of Aniane (q.v.); and a similar tendency is discernible in his compila­tion of ascetic rules, chiefly from Cassian and Gregory the Great, entitled Diadems monachorrlm. The latter treatise was abridged by Smaragdus for the use of Louis the Pious, the strictly monastic sections being omitted, and the remainder expanded or curtailed as the special theme of this new Via regia demanded. He likewise wrote the Acta collationis Romance and collaborated in the Epistola Frotharii et Smaragdi ad Ludovicum Augustum, while he is also held to be the author of the Epistola Caroli Magni ad Leonem Tedium Pontiftcem de procesau Spiritus Sancti (MPL, xcviii. 923). His Commentarius in Prophetas and Historia Monas­terai Sancti Michaelis are still unedited, but a few fragments of his Grammatica, major, sive commen­tarius in Donatum have been published by J. Mabillon (Vetera analecta, Paris, 1723, pp. 358 359). This was evidently the earliest of his works, prob­ably written whfle he was still master of the monas­tery school (between 800 and 805). [His Carmina, ed. E. Dommler, are in MGH, Poet. Lat cevi Car., i. (1881), 607 619, ii. (1884), 698; cf. M. Manitius in NA, xi. (1886), 563.]

2. Biographer and successor of Benedict of Aniane; b. 783; d. at Aniane (16 m. w.n.w. of Montpellier) Mar. 7, 843. His real name was Ardo. His Vita of his predecessor, an admirable bit of biographical writing, has repeatedly been edited (ASB, Feb., ii. 106 620; MPL, ciii. 354 sqq.; MGH, Script., xv. 698 220, Hanover, 1887).

3. Abbot of a monastery at Luneburg, Saxony; flourished about 1000. He has been regarded, though without sufficient evidence, as the author of the Grammatica major noted above.
(O. ZOCKLERt.)

BIBL100RAPAY: The prolegomena in MGM, Poet. Lat., ut

sup., i. 804 $07• Hdstoire littlraire de to France, iv. 439 

447, 708; B. Haur6su, Singularities historiques d Utlm 

raires, pp 100 sqq., Paris, 1861; K. Werner. Alkuin and

seinJahrhundert, pp, 25, 317 318, Vienna, 1876; A. Ebert,

Geschichte der Literatur dea Mittelatters, ii. 108 112, Leip.

457 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA amit y

sic, 1880; Wattenbach, DGQ, i (1893), 326; Werming­hoff, in Hiatoriache Zeitachrift, 1902, pp. 193 213; O. ZSekler, Die Tvgendlehre des Christentume, pp. 133 134, Giitersloh, 1903; Hauck, KD, ii. 113 114, 592 594 et pas­sipa; DCB, iv. 708 709; ASB, me. iv., i. 5.^.9 590; KL, a. 427 428.

SMECTYMNUUS. See CALAMY, 1.

SMEND, schmendt, JULIUS: German Protes­tant; b. at Lengerich (18 m. n.e. of Munster) May 10, 1857. He studied at the universities of Bonn, Halle, and Gottingen from 1876 to 1879 (lie. theol., Bonn, 1884) ; was assistant pastor at Paderborn (1879 81), Bonn (1882 85), and Siegen (1885); and pastor at Seelscheid (1885 91). He was then professor of practical theology at the seminary for preachers at Friedberg, Hesse (1891 93); and since 1893 has occupied a similar position at the Univer­sity of Strasburg, where he was rector in 1906 07. In theology he describes himself as a " pupil of Albrecht Ritschl, but does not belong to any party and, with decidedly liberal theological convictions, is devoted as a preacher and teacher to the promotion of ecclesiastical piety." He has been associate editor (with F. Spitta) of the Monatschrift fur Got­tesdienst and kirchliche Kunst since 1897, and has written Deutsches Liederbuch (Dortmund, 1892); Feierstunden (GGttingen, 1892); Der erziehliche Wert der Musik (Dortmund, 1894); Die evangel­ischen deutschen Messen bis zu Luthers deutscher Messe (Gottingen, 1896) ; Der erste evangelische Gottesdienst in Strassburg (Strasburg, 1897); Der Wert der Todeserinnerung fur das inhere Leben (1897); Kelchversagung and Kelchspendung in der abendldndischen Kirche (Gdttingen, 1898); Das Wesen der evangelischen Frommigkeit (Strasburg, 1899); Feierstunden, neue Folge (G6ttingen, 1901); Zur Frage der Kultusrede (Freiburg, 1902) ; Der evangelische Gottesdienst, vine Liturgik nach evan­gelischen Grundsdtzen (G6ttingen, 1904); Kirchen­buch fiir evangelische Gemeinden (2 vols., Strasburg, 1906 08); Schleiermachers politische Predigt (1906); Festpredigten (1908); Evangelische Predigten (1910); and Dem Volke muss die Religion erhalten Werden (1911).

SMEND, RUDOLF: German Protestant; b. at Lengerich (18 m. n.e. of Milnster) Nov. 5, 1851. He was educated at the universities of G8ttingen, Berlin, and Bonn (Ph.D. Bonn, 1874), became pri­va cent at Halls, 1875 associate professor 1880; professor of theology at Basel, 1881; professor of Old Testament exegesis in the philosophical faculty of the University of Gbttingen, 1889. He has written Der Prophet Ezekiel Erkldrt (Leipsie, 1880); Die Inschrift des Kdnigs Mesa von Moab (Freiburg, 1886; in collaboration with A. Socin); Lehrbuch der alttestamentlichen Religionsurissenschaft (Freiburg, 1893); Weisheit des Jesus Sirach, Text and Er­kldrung (1906); Grieehischrsyrisch hebrdischer Index zur Weisheit des Jesus Sirach (Berlin, 1907); and Alter and Herkunft des Achikar Romans and sein Verhdltniss zu Aesop (Giessen, 1908).

SMET, smet or smg, PIERRE JEAN DE: Jesuit missionary; b. at Termonde (20 m. s.w. of Antwerp), Belgium, Jan. 30, 1801; d. in St. Louis, Mo., May 23, 1873. He left Belgium for the United States at

the age of twenty and became a Jesuit novice at Whitemarah, Md., but in 1823 a new Jesuit settle­ment was established at Florissant, near St. Louis, whither De Smet went. His influence with the Indians became so strong that he was requested by the United States Government to allay threatened uprisings in Oregon and Washington (1858). Again in 1862 and 1867 he visited hostile tribes, but stead­ily refused to have any association with American military measures against the Indians. In 1868 he was the prime mover of the treaty of peace signed by Sitting Bull between the Sioux and the United States Government, and two years later he made another visit to the same important tribe. He was unceasing in his efforts to protect the Indians against the encroachments of the Americans, and his relig­ious zeal and piety were commensurate with his humanitarian endeavors. His control over the Indians was marvellous, and in his efforts for the amelioration of their condition he crossed the ocean nineteen times, pleading their cause everywhere. Among his workers special mention may be made of his Letters and Sketches, with a Narrative of a Year's Residence among the Indian Tribes of the Rocky Mountains (Philadelphia, 1843); Oregon Missions and Travels over the Rocky Mountains in 184,5 4G (New York, 1847); Voyage au grand desert en 1851 (Brussels, 1853); Western Missions and Mission­aries (a series of letters; New York, 1863) ; and New Indian Sketches (1865).

131BLIOGRAPHY: F. Deynoodt, P. J. de Smet, missionairs beige aux hats Unis, Brussels, 1878; H. M. Chittenden and A. T. Richardson,'Life, Letters, and Travels of Pierre 'Jean de Smet, S. J., 4 vole., New York, 1905.

SMITH, ALEXANDER COKE: Methodist Epis­copal, South, bishop; b. in Sumter Co., S. C., Sept. 16, 1849. He was educated at Wofford College, Spartanburg, S. C. (A.B., 1872), and, after holding various pastorates in his denomination, was pro­fessor of mental and moral philosophy in the same institution (1886 90); and of practical theology in Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. (1890 92), after which he again took up ministerial duties. In 1902 he was elected bishop.

SMITH, ARTHUR HENDERSON: Congregation­alist; b. at Vernon, aonn., July 18, 1845. He was educated at Beloit College (A.B., 1867), Andover Theological Seminary (1867 69), Union Theological Seminary, New York (graduated 1870), and the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (1870 71). In 1871 72 he was a missionary at Chi­cago and Clifton, Ill.; was stationed at Tientsin, China (1872 80) under the auspices of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions; was at P'ang Chuang, Shantung (1880 90), although in 1886 87 he was acting pastor of the First Congrega­tional Church, Pasadena, Cal. He was in Peking during the siege of the city in 1900, and was then stated supply of Union Church, Tientsin, in 1900 01, after which he returned to Pang Chuang for four years (1901 05). Since 1906 he has been a " mis­siol.ary tt large " in China, except for a brief visit to the United States, and is now engaged in literary work, speaking and traveling extensively in the interest of missions. In theology he is a liberal

8 M THE NEW SCHAFF HERZOG 458

conservative, and, besides his work as associate editor of The Missionary Review of the World, has written The Proverbs and Common Sayings of the Chinese (Shanghai, 1888); Chinese Characteristics (Chicago, 1890); Village Life in China (1899); China in Convulsion (1901); Rex Christus: An outline Study of China (New York, 1903); China and America Today: Study of Conditions and Relations (1907); and Uplift of China (1907).

SMITH, BENJAMIN MOSBY: Presbyterian; b. at Montrose, Powhatan County, Va., June 30, 1811; d. at Petersburg, Va., Mar. 14, 1893. He was graduated at Hampden Sidney College, Prince Ed­ward County, Va., 1829, and at Union Theological Seminary, Va., 1834; was tutor there, 1834 36; pastor at Danville, Va., 1838 40; at Tinkling Spring and Waynesborough, 1840 45; and at Staunton, 1845 54; and then became professor of oriental and Biblical literature in Union Seminary. From 1858 to 1874 he was with Dr. Dabney pastor of the Hamp­den Sidney College Church. He published A Com­mentary on the Psalms and Proverbs (Glasgow, 1859; 3d ed. Knoxville, Tenn., 1883); Family Religion (Philadelphia, 1859); Questions on the Gospels (vol. i., Richmond, 1868).

SMITH, CHARLES SPENCER: African Method­ist Episcopal bishop; b. at Colborne, Ont., Mar. 16, 1852. He was ordained to the ministry of his de­nomination at the age of twenty; and was a member of the Alabama House of Representatives (1874 76). He then pursued a course of study at Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tenn. (graduated 1880). In 1882 he founded the Sunday school Union of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, of which he was secretary and treasurer until 1900, when he was elected bishop. He is presiding bishop of the missions of his denomination in South Africa, hav­ing visited the western and southwestern coast of that continent in 1894. He has written Glimpses of Africa, West and Southwest Coast (Nashville, 1895).

SMITH, CHARLES WILLIAM: Methodist Epis­copal bishop; b. in Jefferson township, Fayette Co., Pa., Jan. 30, 1840. He was educated in the public schools and privately. For twenty one years (1859,80) he held pastorates in the Centreville circuit, Somerset Co., Pa., Carmichaels, Pa., Bridge­port, Pa., Carson Street, Pittsburg, Uniontown, Pa., Arch Street, Alleghany, Pa., First Church, Canton, O., Smithfield Church, Pittsburg, and First Church, McKeesport, Pa. He was presiding elder of the Pittsburg district, 1880 84, and from 1884 until 1908, when he was elected bishop, was editor of the Pittsburg Christian Advocate. He was vice chairman of the committee that framed the present constitu­tion of his denomination and a member of that which compiled the present hymnal of the Methodist Episcopal Church and the Methodist Episcopal Church, South; and that assisted in organizing the Methodist Church in Japan.

SMITH, DAVID: Presbyterian; b. at Carluke (28 m. s.w. of Edinburgh), Lanarkshire, Scotland, May 21, 1866. He received his education at the academy at Rothesay, Isle of Bute, Glasgow Uni 

versity (M.A., 1887; D.D., 1908), and the Free Church College, Glagsow; was Geo. A. Clark scholar and lecturer in Glasgow University; minister of the United Free Church, Tulliollan, 1894 1907, and of St. Andrew's United Free Church, Blairgowrie, 1907 10; Bruce lecturer in Glasgow United Free College, 1909 10; and was appointed professor of theology in Magee College, Londonderry, 1910. He has written: The Days of his Flesh: the earthly Life of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ (London, 1905; 8th ed., 1910); The Pilgrim's Hospice: a little Book on the Holy Communion (1906); the volume on Matthew's Gospel in The Westminster New Testament (1908); The Face of Jesus (1908); A Legend of Bethlehem (1909); Man's Need of God (1910); A Legend of Jerusalem (1910); and the Epistles of John in The Expositor's Greek Testament (1910).

SMITH, ELI: American missionary and Biblical translator; b. at Northford, Conn., Sept. 15, 1801; d. at Beirut, Syria, Jan. 11, 1857. He was gradu­ated from Yale College, 1821, and from Andover Seminary in 1826, and in May of the same year em­barked as a missionary of the American Board to Malta. In 1827 he went to Beirut, and in March, 1830, undertook with Harrison Gray Otis Dwight, under directions from the American Board, a jour­ney through Persia, to get information concerning the Nestorian Christians. The expedition, which lasted a year, resulted in the establishment of a mis­sion among that people. In 1838 he accompanied Edward Robinson in exploring the desert of Sinai. He accompanied the same scholar on his journey in 1852, and contributed materially to the accuracy and discoveries of Robinson's Researches. In 1846 he began his translation of the Bible into Arabic, and finished a translation of the entire New Testament, and the Pentateuch, historical books, Isaiah, Jere­miah, and other portions of the Old Testament. He possessed eminent attainments in Arabic, and has a distinguished place in the annals of the Amer­ican mission at Beirut. He published Researches of... Eli Smith and . . . H. G. 0. Dwight in Armenia: including a Journey through Asia Minor and into Georgia and Persia, with a Visit to the Nestorian and Chaldean Christians of Oormiah and Salmas (2 vols., Boston, 1833; London, 1834).