Semitic Lanrnsses

Sequence Sergiun

THE NEW SCHAFF HERZOG

of the period; but after Adam new sequences were with few exceptions, mere imitations of earlier forms

and melodies. Many of these melodies Culmina  were such favorites that new texts tion. were given them; and to this category

belong Notker's melodies Mater, Oc­eidentana, and Justus ut palms major and minor, Wipo's Easter hymn, Gottschalk's Laus tibi, Christe, qui es, the sequence of the Virgin (Ave prceclara), the Easter sequence (Mane prima. sabbati), and some of Adam's, while the Lwtabundus ezultet, by an un­known author, proved the most popular of all. In the oldest period the texts and, in part, the melodies of sequences were restricted in territory, so that a distinction may be drawn between German (St. Gall), Upper Italian (Verona, Nonantula), French (Limoges), and English (Winchester) sequences; but when the riming sequence was developed, some were used largely throughout the Roman Church, as the Natus ante amcula for Christmas, the Sancti Spiritus tulsit for Whitsuntide, the Clare sanctorum for feasts of the apostles, and the Sancti baptistce for John the Baptist. On the other hand, despite the approval of Nicolas I. and Innocent III., Rome generally, as well as many dioceses and orders, declined officially to welcome the sequence. The Cistercians and Carthusians rejected it altogether, and the Cluniac monks reluctantly permitted it only on four feasts. In France and Germany, on the other hand, sequences were always popular, many sequentiaries containing more than a hundred texts. The melodies were mostly transmitted orally, the Neumenal collections being intended only for the choirmasters. The singing of the sequence was restricted to the clergy and choir, the congregation being forbidden to take part. The introduction and the concluding passage were usually sung by the entire choir, while the double strophes were sung antiphonally, with musical accompaniment.

Soon after the rise of sequence composition, vernacular sequences were written in France (the Eulalia sequence). In Germany translations ap­peared more tardily, the favorite here being the Ave prwclara maris stella, as in Sebastian Brant's Ave

durchluchte stern des meres. The se­Decline. quence form influenced medieval Latin

poetry, encouraging it to abandon the old forms and to create many new strophes, this in­fluence ultimately extending to the vernacular. With the increase in the calendar of saints the number of sequences became enormous, some 5,000 texts with between 500 and 600 melodies. Many of these were poetically valueless, and after several synods had sought to reform conditions, the Council of Trent finally succeeded. The missal of Paul V. (1570) contains only four: Vietimte paschali, Veni Sands Spiritus, Lauda, Sion, salvatorem, and Dies irm, to which was later added the Stabat mater, gen­erally ascribed to Jacopone da Todi, or to Innocent III. (qq.v.). The Reformers were hostile to the sequence, and in the Lutheran Church, after long efforts, it was replaced by a congregational hymn. In France sequences of late date were stubbornly maintained, only to disappear ultimately when the unity of the Roman Catholic liturgy became an accomplished fact. The custom of singing the

Latabundua at the Easter dinner given by the pope seems to have given rise to parodies of the sequence, such as the Vinum bonum et suave, or the Victimce novali cinke sea, while Johann Nass composed in de­rision of Luther the Invicti Martini laudes intonant Christiani. [In many Anglican churches the sequence is represented by a hymn sung by the choir between the epistle and Gospel (C. Walker, Ritual "Reason Why," 2d ed. T. I. Ball, pp. 166 167, Milwaukee, 19081. (J. WERNER.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Collections, examples, or translations of se 

quences are to be sought in: H. A. Daniel, Thesaurus hymnologicus, vol. ii., Halle, 1843; F. J. Mone, Lateini­ache Hymnen des Mittelalters, 3 vols., Freiburg, 1853 55; R. C. Trench, Sacred Latin Poetry, London, 1864; C. E. P. Waekernagel, Das deutsche Kirchenlied, vol. ii., 5 vols., Leipsic, 1864 77; G. Morel, Lateiniache Hymnen des Mit­telalters 2 vols., Einsiedeln, 1867 (a rich collection); J. M. Neale, Mediwval Hymns and Sequences, 3d ed., Lon­don, 1867; Seven Great Hymns, New York, 1867; W. Christ and M. Paranikas, Anthologia Graca carminum Chrristianorum, Leipsic, 1871; D. T. Morgan, Hymns of the Latin Church London, 1871; C. B. Pearson, Sequences from the Sarum Missal, ib. 1871; J. Kehrein, Lateinische Sequenzen des Mittelalters, Mainz, 1873 (most complete collection); F. A. March, Latin Hymns, New York, 1874; H. M. MaeGill, Songs of Christian Creed and Life, London, 1876; C. Blume and G. M. Dreves, Analecta Hymnica, vols. viii. x., xxxvii., xxxix., xl., xlii., xliv., Leipsic, 1886 eqq.; S. W. Duffield, Latin Hymn Writers and their Hymns, New York 1889; W. H. J. Weals, Analecta liturpica, Bruges, 1889 sqq. (supplements Kehrein, above); G. M. Dreves, Prosarxum Lemovicense, Leipsio, 1890; U. Cheva­lier, Bxblioth8que liturgique, vols vii., ix., Paris, 1900 01; W. A. Merrill, Latin Hymns, Boston, 1904; C. E. W. Brainerd, Great Hymns of the Middle Apes, New York, 1909; C. Blume and H. Bannister, Liturgische Prosen crater Epochs Gus den Sequenzenschulen des Abendlandes, ins­be8ondere die dem Notkerus Balberus'xugeschrsebenen, nebst Skizze fiber den Ursprung der Sequenz, Leipsie, 1911.

Consult: F. Wolf, Udber die Lais, Sequenzen and Leiche, Frankfort, 1841; F. Clement, Hist. generals de la muaiq•re reliqieuse, Paris, 1860; K. Bartsch, Die lateinischen Se­quenzen des Mittelalters, Rostock, 1868; Verzeiehniss der Handschrsften der Stiftsbibliothek von St. Gallen, pp. 509­530, Halle, 1875 (indexes the sequences); J Pothier, Les Melodies qregoriennes, Tournay, 1881; D. S. Wrangham, The Liturgical Poetry of Adam of St. Victor, 3 vols., Lon­don, 1881; A. Reiners, Die Tropen , Prown , und erB­fationsgearinge des feierlichen Hochamtes des Mittelaltera, Luxemburg, 1884; L. Gautier, Hist. de la poesre liturgique, Paris, 1886; idem, La Po6sie relipiewe dans lea cloftrers des ix. xi. sfecles, ib. 1887; M. Manitius, Geschichte der christlich lateinischen Poesie bis zur Mitts des 8. Jahrhun­derts, Stuttgart, 1891; O. Fleischer, Neumen Studien, Leipsie, 1893 sqq.; W. H. Frere, The Winchester Tropes, London, 1894; A. Dechevrens, Du rhythms done Z'hymno­graphie latine, 1895; N. Gihr, Die Sequenzen des ri»nischen Messbuches, Freiburg, 1895• C. Blume and G. M. Dreves, Hymnologische Beitrage, Leipsie, 1897 sqq.; P. Wagner, Ursprung and Entuickelung der liturgischen Gesangsfor­men, Freiburg in Switzerland, 1901; idem, Normenkunde, ib. 1905; J. Werner, Notkers Sequenzen, Aarau, 1901; J. Thibaut, Origins byzantine de to notation neumatique de 1'fglise latine, Paris, 1907; S. M. Jackson, The Source of Jerusalem the Golden, Chicago, 1910; Julian, Hymnology, pp. 1041 53, 1700 01 (lists first lines, and gives the use).

SERAPH. See ANGEL, I., § 4.

SERAPION, se ra'pi en or se r6'pi en: The name of sixteen (or seventeen) persons more or less known to early Christian history, of whom the following may be noted.

1. Bishop of Antioch probably 190 or 191 to 211 or 212, successor of Maximinus and predecessor of Asclepiades. He was the author of a writing to a certain Domninus who had fallen away to Judaism;

361 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA g8Q

9Q=9E06

erg

of another to Pontius and Caricus regarding Mon­tanism; of a treatise warning the church at Rhossus against a Gospel of Peter see (PETER THE APOSTLE, III.); and of other writings to various persons (Eusebius, Hist. ecd., V., xix., VI., xii.; Jerome, De vir. ill., xli. ; Socrates, Hist. eccl., III., vii.).

2 4. Three men of the name were known in the Alexandrian church of the third century. The first wus a martyr under Decius, celebrated Nov. 14. The second of the name in the same persecution sacrificed, but repented and received the sacrament on his death bed. The third is named by Philip of Side among the leaders in the Alexandrian catechet­ical school, but his identity can not be more closely determined.

5. Bishop of Thmuis in Lower Egypt, a friend of St. Anthony and also of Athanasius, who directed to him four letters concerned with a form of the Macedonian heresy. The year of his death is un­known. At the Synod of Seleucia, 359, Ptolemmus took part as bishop of Thmuis. The treatise against Manicheanism belonging to him, intruded in part into the work of Titus of Bostra, has been edited by Brinkmann (in SBA, 1894, pp. 479 491). Mai edited two letters to Bishop Eudoxius and to a monk (reproduced in MPG, xl. 923 942). Pitra has edited some fragments (in Analecta sacra, ii. pp. xl., 27 28, iv. 214, 443 144); while some prayers in MS. 149 of the monastery on Mt. Athos are attributed to him (nos. 1, 15), and others (16, 17) are probably his (Wobbermin in T U, xvii. 3b, 1898). An addition to this, an appendix to the same collection in the form of letters "On the Father and the Son," may safely be attributed to him.

6. A monk of the Scetic desert, leader of the an­thropomorphite monks (see ORIGENISTIC CONTRO­VERSIES).

7. Serapion Sindonetes, so called from the linen or cotton clothing which he wore. He is one of the heroes of the Historia Lausiaca, who experienced many adventures in his journeys to Greece and Rome. Nan sees in him the hero of the story of Thais. Leontius of Naples reports in the life of Johannes Eleemon that this Serapion sold his gar­ments and his copy of the Gospels in order to be able to give alms.

8. Bishop of Heraclea. Chrysostom of Conatan­tinople ordained to the diaconate a person named Serapion and assigned him the duties of archdeacon. He supported the bishop in his disciplinary meas­ures, and by his severity widened the breach between bishop and clergy. While Chrysostom was at Ephe­sus, he entrusted to Serapion the administration of the diocese; at this time Severian of Gabala was at the capital intriguing against Chrysostom, and Serapion had him expelled. After his return from his first exile, Chrysostom had his supporter made bishop of Heraclea in Thrace. In the subsequent misfortunes of Chrysostom Serapion shared, was de­prived of his bishopric and deported to Egypt.

(G. KRCGER.)

BIHLIoaRAYBY: All of the men named are discussed in DCB,

iv. 812 815. Consult further, on 1: Tillemont, MSmaires,

iii. 188, § 9; Krager, History, passim; Harnaek, Litteratur,

ii. 1, pp. 211 sqq.; Bardenhewer, Patrologie, p. 112, Eng.

transl., St. Louis, 1908; and V. de Buck in the ed. of the

Acta Sanctorum published Paris, 1883, Oct., xiii. 248 252

On 5: Bardenhewer, ut sup., pp. 234 235 (where biblio­graphical matter is furnished confirmatory of that given in the text. On 7: note Nan, in Hiat. de Thais', Annnies du Music Guimd, sxa (1903), 51.
SERGIUS, ser'ji us: . The name of four popes.

Sergius I.: Pope 687 701. Of Syrian ancestry,

he himself was born at Palermo, and, coming to

Rome in the pontificate of Adeodatus (q.v.), was

ordained to the priesthood in 682 or 683. On the

death of Conon in 687, he became the candidate of

the municipal authorities, the militia, and a large

part of the clergy of Rome, with a view to ending

the rivalry of the archdeacon Paschalis and the

archpriest Theodore, each of whom had seized a

portion of the Lateran without being able to dis­

lodge his antagonist. When Sergius entered the

Lateran, Theodore at once renounced his claims,

but Paschalis, though compelled to do likewise,

summoned his patron, John, exarch of Ravenna, to

Rome. When the latter arrived, he recognized the

validity of the election of Sergius, though extorting

from him the hundred pounds of gold which Pas­

chalis had promised in return for the exarch's as­

sistance. Enthroned on Dec. 15, 687, Sergius sought

not only to defend the authority of the Curia in the

East, but to strengthen relations with the Anglo­

Saxon church in the West, and to secure connection

with the Anglo Saxon missions to the continent.

Both in Britain and with Pippin (see WILLIBRORD,

SAINT) he was completely successful. He baptized

Ca:dwalla, king of Wessex, at Rome in 689, and a

few years later reinstated the deposed Wilfrid of

York, but the statement of the Liber pontificalis, that

he consecrated Brihtwald, eighth archbishop of

Canterbury, probably confuses the sending of the

pallium with the consecration, which, according to

Bede (Hilt. eccl., v. 8), was performed by the French

Metropolitan Goduin, or Godwin. The pope's at­

titude toward the East was determined by his de­

cided rejection of the decisions of the Trullan Synod

of 692 (see TRULLAN SYNODS), and on his emphatic

refusal to subscribe to them, Justinian II. sent the

Protospathary Zacharias to bring the pontiff to

Rome. But Italy rallied to the pope's defense, and

Zacharias escaped death only by throwing himself

upon the protection of Sergius, who thus emerged

victorious, even while deepening the gulf already

existing between the Eastern and the Western

Church. The death of Sergius took place Sept. 8,

701, and he is commemorated on that day in the

Roman "Martyrology." (A. HAUCK.)

BrBLI06RAPHY: L13er pontificalis, ed. L. Ducheane, i. 244, Paris, 1886, ed. T. ilfommsen, in MGH, Gest. Font. Rom., i (1898), 210 aqq.; R. Baxmann, Die Politik der Pdpate, i. 188, Elberfeld, 1868; bf. Heimbucher, Die Papatxaahlen unter den Karolinyern, pp. 15 aqq., Augsburg, 1889; Hefele, Concdliengeschichte, iii. 345 eqq., Eng. transl., v. 239 aqq. Fr. ttansl., iii. 1, pp. 578 591; Bower, Popes, i. 492 496; Plating, Popes, i. 188 172; DCB, iv. 818­620: ASS, Sept., iii. 425 445; Ceillier, Auleura aacrla, xii. 984.

Sergius IT.: Pope 844 74. By birth he was a Roman noble, and was educated at the papal court, finally being made archpriest by Gregory IV. On the death of this pontiff, in Jan., 844, a deacon named John was put forward as a candidate for the papal throne by the populace, only to succumb

g= THE NEW SCHAFF HERZOG 388

to the nominee of the nobles, Sergius, whose inter­vention.alone saved his rival from death. His en­thronement without the consent of the Emperor Lothair was, however, regarded by the latter as an infringement of imperial prerogatives, and in the summer of 844 an army, under the command of Lothair's son, Louis, invaded Roman territory; but the pope received the prince with all honor, though not avoiding a stormy interview with the bishops and princes in Louis's train. It is clear, nevertheless, that the pope retained his position and successfully debarred the hostile army from Rome; but, on the other hand, the Romans were obliged to take the oath of allegiance to the em­peror, while Sergius crowned Louis king of the Lombards and appointed Drogo of Meth papal vicar north of the Alps. At the same time, Sergius main­tained an unfavorable attitude toward Ebo of Reims (see EBo) and Bartholomew of Narbonne, who had been suspended because of their sympathy with Lo­thair, though later, at the instance of the emperor, he sided with Ebo against Hinemar of Reims (q.v.). During this pontificate the city of Rome was sacked, and the churches of St. Peter and St. Paul were plundered by the Saracens is Aug., 846, the pope dying shortly afterward, Jan. 27, 847.

(A. HAVcs.)

BxRLzOGRAPBY: Inter pontfflcalia, ed. L Dueheme ii. 88 eqq., Paris, 1894' Jaffb, Repesta, pp. 327 328; R. Bax­mann, Die Potiti% der Pupate, i. 349, Elberfeld, 1888; A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, ii. 198, Berlin, 1888; M. Heimbueher, Die Papatmahien unter den Karol­ingern, pp. 149 sqq. Augsburg, 1889; GStz, in Z%G, xv (1890), 342 aqq.; J. Langen, Geachichte der rtimischen Ruche, ii. 822, Bonn. 1885; F. Gregoroviue, Hint. of the City of Rome, ii. 180 183, 190, iii. 83 85, 91, London, 1894 95; Bower, Popes, ii. 215 218; Platina, Popes, i, 218 220; Mil an, Latin Christianity, iii. 18; Hauck, HD. u. 512 513; and especially Mann, Popes, ii. 232 257; Ceillier, Auteurz aacrh, xii. 408.

Sergius III.: Pope 904 911. On the death of Theodore II., in 897, he was, although only in dea­con's orders, the candidate of a faction of the popu­lace for the papal throne, but, being forced to yield to John IX. (q.v.), he took refuge with the Margrave Adalbert in Tuscany, where he remained until the deposition of Christophorus (q.v.) in 904, when he returned to Rome, being enthroned probably Jan. 29 of the same year. He rebuilt the Lateran, which had been destroyed by an earthquake, and con­demned the validity of all ordinations by Formosua (q.v.). His death occurred in May, 911.

(A. HAucg.)

BIBmoaRAPBT. Libor pont(ffcaiis, ed. L. Ducheene, if. 238, Paris, 1892; Jaffls, Rqgesta, p. 445; J. M. Watterich, Ro­manorum pontifiwum . . roitcr, i. 32. 37, 85, 880 aqq.. Leipsic, 1882; Mann, Popes iv. 119 142; A. von Reu­mont, Geschichte der $tadt Rom, ii. 227, Berlin, 1888; R. Baxmann, Die Politik der PBpte, ii. 78, Elberfeld,1889; J. Laagen, Geachichte der rsmischen $irche, iii. 313, Bonn, 1892 F. Gregorovius, Hist. of the City of Rome, iii. 217, 220, 231 248, London, 1895• Hefele, ConcaienesAickte, iv. 574; Bower, Popes. ii. 308 307; Plating, Popes, i. 243 244• Milman, Latin Christianity, iii. 155 158; Cal7_ lier, Auteurs eacrbs, xii. 741 743.

Sergius IV.: Pope 1009 1012. He was a Roman by birth, and after having been bishop of Albano, was raised to the papal throne in July, 1009. The sole traces of his brief pontificate, which was ended

by his death in June, 1012, are a number of privileges to monasteries. He is especially noteworthy as the first pope to adopt a new name on election, his original name having been Peter. (A. HAUCS.)

BxRrtoaasPav: Lsber ponttRcalia, ed. L. Duoheene, H. 287, Paris, 1892; Jaff€. Repeats, p. 504; J. M. Watterich, Romanxum pontificum , vitas, i. 89 89, 700. Leipaic, 1882; A. von Reumont, (3eachichte den $tadt Rom, ii. 227, Berlin, 1888; J. Langen, Geschichte der rinnischen Rirohe, iii. 403; Mann. Popes v. 142 154: Gregomvius. Hint. of the City of Rome, iv. I1 13, London, 1898; Bower, Popes, ii. 334 335; Plating, Popes, i. 288 287; Milman, Latin Christianity, iii. 222; Ceilliar, Auteurs aner6a, aiii. 84, 189­190.

SERGIIJS AHD BACCHUS: Two Syrian mar­tyrs of the early fourth century. According to the Acts and Passio (see bibliography) Sergius and Bacchus were two officers in the service of Emperor Maximinus Daja of Syria (30"r313), and were so trusted by him that they were accorded his complete confidence and high rank at the palace. But they were denounced to the emperor by jealous enemies as Christians. He then ordered them to betake themselves to the temple of Jupiter, and upon their refusal had them dressed in women's garments and led through the streets of the city, and afterward sent them to Antiochus, prefect of Barbalissus (Beth Balash). After vain attempts to detach them from their faith, Bacchus was beaten to death with thongs, while Sergius wan compelled to put on san­dals through the soles of which nails had been driven, and was led to Resaph in Commagene and there beheaded. The fame of the martyrs spread very early, and a church in Easters Syria is said to have been dedicated in their honor as soon as 354 (P. Le Bas and W. H. Waddington, Voyage archkologique en Grbce et en Aaie Minettre, vol. iii., no. 2124, Paris, 1847), while in 512 another was dedicated to them and to Leontius in 512. To one of the churches dedicated to Sergius Justinian's consort Theodore presented a jeweled cross, afterward carried away by the Persians and restored to Gregory of Antioch by Chosroea of Persia in 593. The repute of the mar­tyrs spread into the West. At Rome there was an oratorium on the north side of the Vatican basilica (Rbmische Qttartalachrift, 1896, p. 243), tend still another memorial to both martyrs in Rome is at­tested by the Liter pontiftculia (ed. Ducheane, i. 512, Paris, 1886). In France and elsewhere their names were honored, as by a cloister at Angers and a

church at Chartres (E. Le Blant, Inscriptions

ehrEtiertnes de la Gaule, i. 305, Paris, 1856). In Christian art they are represented in armor with palm branches. Their day in both the Eastern and the Western churches is Oct. 7.

BrRnrooasPav. Sources are the anonymous Acts and the account by Simeon Metaphrastee, with commentary in ASA Oct., iii. 833 8d3, partly also in MPL, cxv. 1005 eqq.; cf. the Acts martyrum d sanctorum of P. Bedjsa, iii. 283 eqq., Paris, 1892• the Greek Pasaio in Analata Boliandiana xiv (1895), 373 eqq.; and the " Hymn " of Walafrid $trabo in MGH, Poet. Lat. anri Car., ii (1884),

418 419. Consult further. J. Wolf, Die heaipen Mar. tyrer Serpiw and Bacchus Rirolaenpatronen zu ICreuseber, Gottingen, 1823; ICL, xi. 192 193; DCB, iv. 81817.

SERGIUS CONFESSOR: Mentioned by Photiua as the author of a history of the political and eccle­siastical events during the first eight years of the

383 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA 8erglus

Serpent

Emperor Michael II. Balbus (820829), with a glance at the "shameful" deeds of the Emperor Ctinstan­tine Copronymus (751 774). The history was marked by simplicity, clearness, and beauty of exposition. Unfortunately the work is utterly lost. The title of confessor indicates that the bearer was a champion of images in the controversy over the subject (see IMAGES AND IMAGE WORSHIP, II.), and, as applied by Photius to this man, tends to identify the latter with the confessor of that name celebrated May 13 in the Greek Church, who was exiled under Leo III. (813 820) and seems to have died during the reign of Theophilus (829 842). (G. KItUGEIi.)

BiBLioaaAP87: Nikodemus Hagiorites, Synaxariatts tan d& deka meson tos aniautou, iii. 37, Zanthe, 1888; HL, ii.

193; Basil, Menolopium, MPG, cxvii. 454; Ceillier, As­kwa aacrbs, ni. 428.

SERGIUS OF CONSTANTINOPLE: Patriarch of

that city 610 638. He is noteworthy as the author of

a very celebrated Greek hymn, known as the Aka­

thistos from the fact that it was sung standing (given

in MPG, xcii. 1335 1348; and in Pitra, Analecta

sacra, i. 250 262, Paris, 1876). He seems to have

paid considerable attention to the development of

the liturgy. For further information concerning him

see MONOTHELITEa. (G. KR$GEB.)