9.2
A3.4. Embase
Set
|
Search history
|
Results
|
A
|
("NP hard" or "nondeterministic polynomial-time hard" or sequen$ or dynamic or "time-dependent" or Markov$ or multistage$ or multi-stage$).ab,kw,ti.
|
968,771
|
A'
|
(("NP hard" or "nondeterministic polynomial-time hard" or sequen$ or dynamic or "time-dependent" or Markov$ or multistage$ or multi-stage$) adj5 (decision$ or problem$ or pathway$ or polic$ or strateg$)).ab,kw,ti.
|
10,861
|
A''
|
(("NP hard" or "nondeterministic polynomial-time hard" or sequen$ or dynamic or "time-dependent" or Markov$ or multistage$ or multi-stage$ or multidrug$ or multi-drug$ or individualiz$) adj5 (decision$ or problem$ or pathway$ or polic$ or strateg$ or treatment$ or regimen$ or therap$)).ab,kw,ti.
|
38,284
|
B
|
(heuristic$ or metaheuristic$ or algorithm$ or (approximat$ adj5 (approach$ or method$ or function$ or search$))).ab,kw,ti.
|
118,667
|
B'
|
((heuristic$ or metaheuristic$ or approximat$ or iterative or cyclic or adaptive or backward) adj5 (algorithm$ or approach$ or method$ or function$ or search$)).ab,kw,ti.
|
25,061
|
C
|
(optim$ or minim$ or maxim$).ab,kw,ti.
|
1,157,020
|
A∩B
|
#1 AND #4
|
22,356
|
A'∩B'
|
#2 AND #5
|
254
|
A''∩B'
|
#3 AND #5
|
341
|
A∩B∩C
|
#1 AND #4 AND #6
|
6,877
|
A'∩B'∩C
|
#2 AND #5 AND #6
|
152
|
A''∩B'∩C
|
#3 AND #5 AND #6
|
159
|
A∩(B∪C)
|
#1 AND (#4 OR #6)
|
128,274
|
A'∩(B'∪C)
|
#2 AND (#5 OR #6)
|
2,253
|
A''∩(B'∪C)
|
#3 AND (#5 OR #6)
|
7,885
|
1) The row in grey is the final search result used for the systematic review.
A3.5. Summary of the excluded papers
Reason of exclusion
|
Count
|
It does not address a stochastic sequential optimisation problem
|
6,211
|
It does not use heuristic or optimisation method
|
1,311
|
It belongs to review, conference, symposium, workshop papers, books, letters, editorials or corrections.
|
3
|
Total excluded papers
|
6,396
|
1) Literature not written in English, published before 1990 and conference, symposium or workshop papers, books, letters, editorials or corrections were excluded using the limit function in the databases.
2) Some studies had two reasons together. Therefore, the number of total excluded papers is not equal to the sum of counts of three reasons.
Appendix 4. The parameters used to populate the hypothetical SDDP model
|
Variable description
|
Deterministic mean
|
Baseline transition probabilities
|
From Hu to Hu
|
0.738
|
From Hu to He
|
0.012
|
From Hu to Hn
|
0.250
|
From He to Hu
|
0.505
|
From He to He
|
0.319
|
From He to Hn
|
0.176
|
From Hn to Hu
|
0.121
|
From Hn to He
|
0.007
|
From Hn to Hn
|
0.872
|
Relative risks (RR)
|
To stay in the uncontrolled health state (Hu)
|
| | |
0.64
| | |
0.58
| | |
0.51
|
To develop an AEs (He)
|
| | |
1.00
| | |
1.07
| | |
1.43
|
Increase in the baseline risk of Hu after two successive treatment failures
|
1.05
|
Increase in the baseline risk of Hu after relapse
|
1.10
|
Decrease in the treatment effect after relapse
|
| | |
1.20
| | |
1.10
| | |
1.00
|
Costs
|
Hu
|
| | |
200
| | |
300
| | |
400
|
He
|
| | |
250
| | |
350
| | |
450
|
Hn
|
| | |
100
| | |
200
| | |
300
|
HRQoLs
|
Hu
|
0.86
|
He
|
0.79
|
Hn
|
1.00
|
Lamda
|
£30,000
|
Appendix 5. Summary of the included studies in the literature review on previous economic evaluations in primary hypertension
No
|
Author
|
Year
|
Type of CEA
|
Baseline Population
|
Comparators
|
Follow-up
|
Cycle
|
Type of CEA model
|
Elements of model
|
Adverse effect
|
Compliance
|
Consideration about drug switching
|
1
|
Edelson [258]
|
1990
|
CEA
|
Hypertensive patients without CHA.
|
D, BB, ACEI, AB and CCB.
|
20y.
|
1y.
|
The Coronary Heart Disease Policy Model.
|
Alive with/without CHD
|
Considered in sensitivity analysis as a reduction in quality of life.
|
Not considered.
|
Not considered.
|
2
|
Kawachi [249]
|
1991
|
CUA
|
Mild-to-moderate hypertension.
|
D, BB and ACEI.
|
Lifetime.
|
1y.
|
Based on the assumption of equal efficacy.
|
Only considered mortality.
|
Considered as a utility of side effects and the costs of treating side effects of medication.
|
Not considered.
|
The annual cost of medication takes account of the quantity, mix and dosage of drugs.
|
3
|
Johannesson [302]
|
1994
|
CEA
|
Middle-aged men with mild to moderate uncomplicated hypertension (in MAPHY).
|
D and BB.
|
5y.
|
1y.
|
Computer simulation model using Framingham equations.
|
Not mentioned.
|
Not considered.
|
Not considered.
|
Not considered. The cost of additional antihypertensive drugs added after randomisation was assumed to be the same in both groups.
|
4
|
Hilleman [250]
|
1994
|
CMA
|
Newly diagnosed mild-to-moderate hypertension.
|
D, BB, AB, A2, ACEI and CCB.
|
1y.
|
No cycle.
|
Based on the assumption of equal efficacy.
|
Not included.
|
Considered as a cost associated with treating side effects.
|
Not considered.
|
Not considered. If one antihypertensive agent was substituted for another over the course of treatment, the patient was excluded from the analysis.
|
5
|
Johannesson [303]
|
1996
|
CEA
|
Hypertensive patients.
|
D/BB and ACEI/CCB.
|
1y.
|
No cycle.
|
Computer simulation model using Framingham equations.
|
Not mentioned.
|
Not considered.
|
Not considered.
|
Not considered.
|
6
|
Pearce [251]
|
1998
|
CMA
|
Uncomplicated Hypertension.
|
D, BB, ACEI, AB and CCB.
|
5y.
|
No cycle.
|
Based on the assumption of equal efficacy.
|
Not included.
|
Considered as a cost associated with potassium supplementation in sensitivity analysis.
|
Not considered.
|
Not considered.
|
7
|
Richter [257]
|
2001
|
CEA
/CUA
|
Mild-to-moderate uncomplicated hypertension.
|
D, CCB, ACEI, BB and ARB.
|
15m.
|
1m.
|
Decision tree model.
|
Decision tree for choosing a particular sequence of drugs.
|
The model incorporated the instances and severity of each AE, not the number of individuals reporting an AE.
Adverse-event costs were calculated based on treatment algorithms.
|
Not considered.
|
Every three months, patients may increase the dosage of their drug or switch to another drug because the patient has experienced intolerable adverse events or because the drug has failed to control hypertension.
The model is based on sequential prescribing of monotherapy, because combination therapy was not used consistently in the clinical trials.
|
8
|
Dias [431] da Costa JS
|
2002
|
CEA
|
Individuals aged 20-69 years spending expenditure on antihypertensive drugs among sampled.
|
D, BB, CCB. ACEI, D+BB, D+CCB, D+ACEI, BB+CCB, BB+ACEI and other combinations.
|
1y.
|
No cycle.
|
Cross-sectional population-based survey.
|
Not considered.
|
Not considered.
|
Not considered.
|
Not considered
|
9
|
Nordmann [42]
|
2003
|
CUA
|
Men aged 40 years without CVD and diabetes requiring antihypertensive drug therapy.
|
D/BB, ACEI and ACEI based on the presence or absence of LVH on ECG or echocardiography.
|
Lifetime.
|
1y.
|
Markov model.
|
Patients with and without LVH, asymptomatic, CAD, stroke, congestive HF or any combination of these complications.
|
Patients who have intolerable adverse effects were assumed to switching the drug.
|
Assumed no difference in adherence to therapy between the two treatment options, but higher adherence rate with ACE inhibitors up to 30% was assumed in the sensitivity analysis.
|
Only one opportunity to switch from conventional to ACE inhibitor therapy or vice versa, in response to intolerable adverse effects, lack of efficacy or congestive heart failure.
|
10
|
Fretheim [252]
|
2003
|
CMA
|
Population currently on medication for hypertension and not complicated by cardiovascular diseases.
|
D and non-diuretic group (including AB, BB, CCB, ACEI and ARB).
|
1y.
|
No cycle.
|
Based on the assumption of equal efficacy.
|
Not considered.
|
Not considered.
|
Considered in the people using thiazides.
|
Not considered.
|
11
|
Chen [253]
|
2005
|
CMA
|
Isolated systolic hypertension included in the SHEP trial.
|
D, BB, ACEI, AB and CCB.
|
5y.
|
No cycle.
|
Based on the assumption of equal efficacy.
|
Not considered.
|
CVD was defined as adverse effect.
|
Not considered.
|
Diuretic-based stepped care in SHEP.
|
12
|
Stafilas [254]
|
2005
|
CEA
|
Mild-to-moderate hypertension.
|
D, BB, CCB, ACEI and ARB.
|
5y.
|
1m
/4m.
|
Decision tree model.
|
Not mentioned.
|
Assumed the need of extra laboratory monitoring for chlorthalidone and propranolol.
|
Applied different compliance with chlorthalidone, propranolol, amlodipine, enalapril and losartan.
|
One opportunity to switch from one therapeutic class to another, in response to intolerable adverse events or lack of efficacy.
|
13
|
Linjer [255]
|
2005
|
CA
|
Elderly (70-84 years) patients participated in STOP-2 trial.
|
D/ BB, CCB and ACEI.
|
5y.
|
No cycle.
|
Based on the assumption of equal efficacy.
|
Not considered.
|
Not considered.
|
Not considered.
|
Based on STOP-2 protocol.
|
14
|
NICE [223]
|
2006
|
CUA
|
Essential hypertension without pre-existing CVD, HP or diabetes.
|
No intervention, D, CCB, BB and ACEI/ARB.
|
Lifetime.
|
6m.
|
Markov model.
|
Well (Event free), UA, MI, Stroke, HF, DM and death.
|
The only side effects modelled were onset of HF and diabetes.
Other side effects were was examined in sensitivity analysis by the loss of quality of life due to the side effects.
|
Not considered.
|
Not considered.
|
15
|
Tran [246]
|
2007
|
CUA
|
Newly diagnosed hypertensive patient, with no significant risk factors.
|
No treatment, Diuretics, CCB, BB, and ACEI or ARB.
|
10y.
|
1y.
|
Markov model.
|
Well, UA, MI, Stroke and CVD death.
|
Not considered.
|
Not considered.
|
Not considered.
|
16
|
Heidenreich [256]
|
2008
|
CMA
|
Hypertensive patients (in ALLHAT).
|
ACEI, CCB and Diuretics.
|
Lifetime.
|
No cycle.
|
The assumption of non- significant differences in survival observed in ALLHAT.
|
Not considered.
|
Not considered.
|
Not considered.
|
Based on ALLHAT protocol.
|
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