Study of Mercury-containing lamp waste management in Sub-Saharan Africa

46.1Case studies

47Selection of countries for case studies

Case studies aimed at collecting information to (1) confirm plausibility of hypotheses taken for the market study, (2) understand the current practices in SSA and (3) assess relevance and feasibility of the identified MCL waste management solutions. Country selection required that information and conclusions be as representative as possible, i.e. that selected countries cover a broad variety of SSA contexts and/or a significant part of the SSA MCL waste flow. A figure of 5 case studies was set for this study.

To enable representativity, countries were “classified” according to parameters available (1) for all SSA countries and (2) from comparable sources:

Market size⁸³, which especially affects financial feasibility

20. 
    Source : Market assessment that was led at the beginning of this study
    
21. 
    Availability : 100%
    

Density, which especially affects logistic feasibility

1. 
   Source : WDI⁸⁴
   
2. 
   Availability : 100%
   

48Market size

South Africa (34 million units per year) and Nigeria (52 million units per year) are excluded from this graphic for a better display of the results.

Based on these data, four groups were identified:

Number	Potential EoL CFL flow (units per year)	Countries
Group 1	Less than < 3 million	36 countries, including Sénégal, Rwanda, Cape Verde
Group 2	Between 3 million and 7 million	Kenya, Angola, Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Somalia
Group 3	Between 10 and 15 million	Ethiopia, Ghana,DRC, Sudan
Group 4	More than 30 million	South Africa, Nigeria

49Demographics

Based on these data, four groups were identified:

Number	Density (pop./km²)	Countries
Group 1	< 100	34 countries, including South Africa
Group 2	Between 100 and 300	Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Sao Tome, Seychelles, Uganda, Togo
Group 3	> 300	Mauritius, Mayotte, Rwanda, Comores, Burundi

50Conclusions on country selection

Nigeria represents about a quarter of the total potential MCL waste production by 2020.

Selected country	Reason for selection
Nigeria	Market size: represents about one quarter of the potential SSA MCL waste flow by 2020 (Density: average-to-high)
South Africa	Market size: represents about 15% to 20% of the potential SSA MCL waste flow by 2020 Regulation and current practices: preliminary data collection tends to show that South Africa provides some of the highest regulation standards in SSA and is a potential source of best practices (Density: low)
Senegal	Selected to represent countries with low production and high density
Ethiopia	Selected to represent countries with high production and average/low density beside South Africa
Mali	Selected to represent countries with low production and very low density

51List of interviewees

Ethiopia
Haiymanot Desaign Ashame	ENDA, NGO
Yusuf Ali Edward F. Dwumfour Alemayehu	World Bank
Wubie Mengestu	Ethiopian Chamber of Commerce
Teferi Asfaw	Addis Chamber of Commerce
Ato Getret Haile Fesseha Tessema	Addis Abeba Municipality
Cheik Dia	AFD, French Cooperation
	SOS Addis, NGO
Mohammed Ali	Federal and Addis Environmental Protection Agencies
Kindane Gizaw	EEPCO

Mali
Oumar Sidi ALY	Town Council of Bamako 1^st district
Dambélé	EDM (Electricité du Mali)
Oumar Cissé	Direction Nationale de l’Assainissement
Chekh na Cissoko Sidibé Ousman Albert Maila Signa sidigué M. Coulabiliy	Chambre de Commerce du Mali
Mamadou Cara	Africa Stockpile Program
Zié Coulibaly	World Bank
Baba Diara Omar Coulibaly	ENDA
Guardian	Landfill of Bamako 1^st district

Nigeria
Mrs FC Mogo	Waste Management Society of Nigeria (WAMASON)
Oladimeji Oresanya	Ministry of Environment (MD: LAWMA)
Moji Adeleye	(Communications: LAWMA)
Ms Edith	WAMASON
Abuja Business Manager’s Office	Power Holdings Company of Nigeria (PHCN)
Not named (informal interview)	Cement plant

Senegal
Salimata Seck WONE	IAGU (Institut Africain de Gestion Urbaine)
Pr AIWO	ISD (Institut Santé et Développement)
Amadou Sylla FALL	ERT (Dakar Lighting Company)
Mayassine DIONGUE	Public Health Physician
	Dakar Town Council
Ibrahima DIAGNE	CADAK (Dakar District Council)
Gata BA Assan DIOP Aïta Sall SECK	Senegal EPA (Chemicals, International Issues and Sanitation experts)
Denis JORDY	World Bank
Pr Adams TIDJANI	Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar
Jean-Claude DUPONT	VEOLIA Dakar

South Africa
Ms Dee Fischer	Department of Environmental Affairs
Mr Jan Hoogstra	Phillips Lighting
Mr Andre Nel Mr Rowan Armstrong Ms Tessa Chamberlain	Pick n Pay

52Main findings

With the exception of South Africa, waste regulation is generally weak in SSA. As a direct consuequence of this state of affairs, reliable data or information on the issue of waste management and WEEE management in particular were difficult to collect and more often than not, not available.

Detailed findings are described in section 36, and summarized in the following tables. In all countries, it was reported that there is a deep culture of reusing any reusable product or material and that scavengers are omnipresent on landfills. They are in some cases organized by specialty, with representatives, individualized operating perimeters, etc.

	Regulations	Current waste management practices	Examples of noticeable initiatives
Ethiopia 81m inhab. (17% urban) 81inhab/km²	The general awareness about CFL waste risk is nearly absent. Concerning WEEE, the level of awareness is a bit higher but it is clearly not the priority of the local authorities. The general household waste management is the main challenge at the moment. Imports and circulation of goods is poorly controlled	Mostly uncontrolled landfills, with risk-inducing locations (in cities, near water bodies, on sandy soils), or basic dumping Households, livestock, crops… close to, or even on the landfills Development of engineered landfilling (e.g. Sikasom in Mali, Sindia in Senegal)	EEPCO take-back scheme  5m lamps collected, but stored in the absence of a suitable solution
Mali 13m inhab. (32% urban) 10 inhab/km²			Local awareness campaign on the interest of using trash bins Obsolete pesticides management program Scavenger associations involved in separate collection
Senegal 12m inhab. (42% urban) inhab/km²			Privately operated waste collection Battery collection points (did work, but abandoned due to absence of treatment solutions) Local initiatives for the monitoring of environment pollution and body intoxication next to landfills Sorting facility project to control scavengers activities and avoid them working on the landfills
Nigeria 81m inhab. (17% urban) 81inhab/km²	Existing regulation, but not enforced	Prevalence of road-side dumping Unregulated incinerators	Lamp and toner cartridge recycling plant on Total site, nut no separation of MCLs or mercury pollution prevention measures
South Africa 81m inhab. (17% urban) 81inhab/km²	Waste Act, 2009 - importers must define an Industrial Waste Management Plan (IWMP) before selling products in South Africa Hazardous Substances Act	Existence of engineered landfills and hazardous waste landfills Management and monitoring of mercury pollution arising from gold mine tailings.	Privately operated waste collection FL-recycling plant on CFL production plant site in Lesotho (on-hold)