The Arabic Language

in-
instead of 
it-
; the pausal 
ʾimāla
of the feminine 
ending to 
-e
instead of the modern ending 
-a
; the form of the pronominal suffix 
of the third-person singular masculine in forms such as 
mā šafuhš
‘they did not 
see him’ instead of modern 
mā šafuhūš
, as well as a number of lexical items, most 
striking among them 
maṛa
, which used to mean ‘woman’ and did not have the 
modern connotation of ‘woman of ill repute, slut’. Features such as these are still 
found in the rural dialects, although not all are connected to the same dialect 
region.
According to Woidich (1994), the Cairene dialect of today must be regarded as 
a mixed dialect whose formative period was the second half of the nineteenth 
century, when there was an enormous influx of people from the countryside. 
As a result of this immigration, a number of features that until then had been 
current in the capital came to be stigmatised because they were identified with 
the low prestige rural dialects of the new inhabitants. This process of stigmatisa
-
tion remained operative in the twentieth century. In the Egyptian movies of the 
1920s and 1930s, the elite frequently use forms that nowadays would be regarded 
as vulgar, for instance, the plural ending of verbs in 
-um
, which is now restricted 
in educated Cairene speech to the verb ‘to come’ (
gum
‘they came’), but in the 
poor quarters of Cairo can still be heard in other verbs. Another example is that 
of the interrogative adjective 
anho
‘which?’, which in educated speech has been 
replaced by 
ayy
, probably borrowed from the standard language. The process of 
mixing of dialects in the nineteenth century not only led to the disappearance 
and stigmatisation of rural forms, but also to the emergence of completely new 
forms as a result of hyperurbanisation and over-generalisation, for instance, in 
the case of the loss of the pausal 
ʾimāla
.
With the growing influence of the mass media, Cairene speech has spread all 
over the country. This prestige of the speech of the capital is not a recent phenom
-
enon. We have seen in Chapter 10 (p. 182) that on dialect maps of the Delta the 
historical influence of Cairene Egyptian can still be traced following the ancient 
trade route that led from Cairo to the old port of Damietta (Dumyāṭ) in the central 
Delta along the eastern branches of the Nile.
Egyptians themselves usually call all southern varieties of Egyptian Saʿīḍī, in 
contrast to the prestige dialect of Cairo. One of the distinctive markers between 
the two groups is the realisation of Classical /q/ and /j/: in Cairene Arabic these 
are realised as /ʾ/ and /g/, while in Upper Egypt they are pronounced as /g/ 
and /j/ (or /g
y
/ or even /d/). Another distinctive feature between the dialects of 
Cairo and some Delta dialects, on the one hand, and the Upper Egyptian dialects, 
on the other, is the system of stress assignment. In Cairene Arabic and in the 
Delta, the last heavy sequence (i.e., a syllable containing a long vowel and ending 
in a consonant or a syllable ending in two consonants) is stressed, for example, 
maʿẓū́
m
‘invited’, 
máṭʿam
‘restaurant’, 
bínti
‘my daughter’. When this sequence is 

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The Arabic Language
followed by more than one vowel, the vowel immediately following it is stressed, 
for example, 
madrása
‘school’,