The Arabic Language
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part-INDEF from-3ms ‘a part of it’. It also occurs in adverbial expressions that in Classical Arabic would have the ending -an , for instance, maṯal-in ‘for example’, mbaććir-in ‘early’. Second, some Bedouin dialects preserve the causative as a productive form, for instance, in Najdī Arabic fahim / afham ‘to understand/to explain’, wajf / awgaf ‘to stop [intransi - tive/transitive]’ (Ingham 1994c: 74–9). Third, in some of the dialects, the internal passive is still productive, mainly in the North-east Arabian dialects, for instance, in the dialect of the Ḥāyil kitab / ktib ‘to write/to be written’; ḏ̣ arab / ḏ̣ rib ‘to hit/ to be hit’ (Prochazka 1988: 28, 116). This feature is not completely exclusive to the Arabian Bedouin dialects, since traces are also found in some of the Bedouin dialects of North Africa. 194 The Arabic Language Apart from these conservative tendencies there are also innovations, especially in the North-east Arabian dialects. These have the so-called gaháwa syndrome, in which an a is inserted after a pharyngal + consonant, with subsequent stress shift. In Najdī Arabic, for instance, the imperfect of ḥafar ‘to dig’ is *yáḥfir → *yáḥafir → yḥáfir (but kitab ‘to write’, imperfect yaktib ). The gaháwa syndrome is also found in other regions, where Bedouin dialects were brought by migration, for instance, in the Egyptian dialects south of Asyūṭ. For the verbal morphology of Najdī Arabic see Table 11.1. kitab ktibaw yaktib yaktibūn ktibat ktiban taktib yaktibin kitabta kitabtu taktib taktibūn kitabti kitabtin taktibīn taktibin kitabt kitabna ʾaktib niktib Table 11.1 The verbal paradigm in Najdī Arabic Most North-east Arabian dialects are characterised by affrication of /g/ (for /q/), and of /k/; this affrication is conditioned by the phonetic environ- ment, since it takes place only near front vowels (for a similar feature in the gilit dialects of Mesopotamia, possibly caused by Bedouin influence, see below, pp. 202f.). In Syria and Mesopotamia, the Bedouin dialects have j [ʤ], č [ʧ], whereas the Bedouin dialects of Arabia usually have more fronted variants: g y [ɡj], ǵ [dz] for g ; ć [ts] for k . As examples, we may quote from the dialect of the Rwala Bedouin ṯiǵīl ‘heavy’, ǵilīl ‘few’; ćam ‘how much?’, mićān ‘place’ (Classical Arabic ṯaqīl , qalīl ; kam , makān ). The West Arabian (Ḥijāzī) dialects are not very well known. They include the dialects of those sedentary centres that already existed before the coming of Islam, for instance, Mecca and Medina. In Islamic times, many tribes from this area migrated to the west, so that some of the Bedouin dialects in the Syrian desert, the Negev and ultimately those in North Africa probably derive from dialects spoken in this area. The dialects of this group are distinguished from the North- east Arabian dialects by the absence of the affrication of /k/ and /q/. According to de Jong (2000, 2011), dialectologically speaking, the Sinai is a transitional zone between the Arabian peninsula and the Egyptian Delta (see below, p. 208). The dialect of Mecca, although related to the Bedouin dialects in the region, has some of the characteristics of sedentary dialects. It has lost the interdentals and the gender distinction in the plural of verbs and pronouns. Meccan Arabic has a genitive exponent ( Yüklə 2,37 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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