This book explores the impact of the 1917 Revolution on factory life
part played by young workers, 197
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| part played by young workers, 197
June 18 demonstration, 112,123 June offensive, 136,162 Kadets, 126 Kalfeman, delegate from Izhora works at congress of naval enterprises factory committees, 182 Kaktyn', A., 191, 214-15,216 Kalinin, Ya.A., 161, 2940.92 Kamkov, member ofVTsIK commission, 210 Kan paper mill, workers’ takeover, 238 Kan printworks, 130; victimisation of factory committee, 80 Kapanitskii, shop steward at Pipe works, 196 Kaplan, F. I., 141,146, 150 Kautsky, K., 263 Kebke factory, 173 Keep,John, 141 Kerensky, A.F., 112, 137, 164 Kerensky government, 127,171,209, 258; anarchists’ policy towards, 144; and Bolsheviks, 108, 126, 230\ see also Kerensky government: continued Coalition Government; Labour, Ministry of Kersten knitwear factory: wages, r 17; women workers, 198, 235-6; workers’ opposition to re- instatement of administrative personnel, 56; youth committee, 198 Kharkov, collective wage contracts in, 120 Koenig mill: penalties to improve labour discipline, 90-1; women workers present list of‘requests’ to director, 69-70 Kokhn, M.P.,45 Kollontai, Alexandra, 194-5, 236 Kolokol'nikov, P.N., 170,181 Kolovich, anarchist militant, 235 kompaniya, typesetters working in, 33 Konovalov, A.I., 76,171 Kornilov,GeneralL.G., 112,113, i8o;r«r also Kornilov rebellion Kornilov rebellion, 112, 115,162 Kostelovskaya, textile union delegate to sovnarkhozy congress, 241 Kotlov, 211 Kotov, 235 Kozhevnikov textile mill, political com- position of factory committee, 160 Kozitskii, V.N., 161,2940.92 Kresty jail raid, 143 Kronstadt sailors, strikes in protest against threatened execution of, 49, 5' Kropotkin, Peter, 142,143,255 Kuskova, E. D., 109 Kuznetsov works, resolution on workers’ control, 165 Labour, Ministry of: arbitrates in metal contract negotiations, 123,125,126; averts strike by sluzhashchie, 135; and demands for sequestration, 179, 236; programme of social reform, 170-1; refuses loan to Brenner works, 148; see also Skobelev circulars Labour and Light group, 97 labour discipline: Bolshevik dilemma over, 264; breakdown of, 88-90, 246-9; factory committees and, 90- 2, 155, 247-8, 251; Lenin’s attitude to, 261; trade unions and, 247, 248, 249,250,251; in tsarist factories, 37-8; see also absenteeism; drunkenness; theft labour exchanges, 76,244,247 labour movement, Russian, compared with West, 28-9,59,64-5,103-4, 109,133,253.254,285n.11, land-ownership by workers, 17-19 Langenzippen works: extent of workers’ control, 165,166-7,176—7, 231-2; political composition offactory committee, 161,162; re-election of factory committee, 205,251; strikes, 53; workers’ resolution on Skobelev circulars, 180-1 Larin, Yu., 92,158,184, 248 Latvian workers, 23,96, 191 Law on factory committees (23 Apr •9|7), 78-9 leather industries: attitude of employers to workers’ control, 231; size of workforce, 10; wage differentials, 131; women employed in, 25; working hours, 44; young workers, 25; see also leatherworkers’ union leatherworkers’ union, 69, 201, 217; cooperation with CCFC, 220; political affiliations of board, 115; professional sections, 202; size of membership, 105, 200; women workers, 133,194 Lebedev, N.I., 111 Lebedev factory: and Skobelev circular, 180; workers’ takeover of, 178, 179 Left Communists, 229 legislation, industrial, 37, 38, 76, 78-9, 170,188 Leiberov, I.P., 21,22,23,49,5° Lenin, V.I.: attitude to factory committees, 159; and Bolshevik
213, 225-6, 227, 228,259; strategy for transition to socialism, 260-2 Leontiev Mills: political affiliations of factory committee, 160; strike activity at, 53 Lepse, 1.1., 161, 2940.92 Lessnerworks, 7; accidentsat, 42; ‘cadre’ workers’ indifference to ‘dilution’, 32; factory committee phases out female employment to ease redundancies, 176; political composition offactory committee, 162; re-election offactory committee, 205; strikes, 51; see also New Lessner; Old Lessner Levin, V.M., 146, 152, 189 Limon, Didier L., 212 Lin'kov, Menshevik delegate to factory committee conference, 189 literacy of workers, 34-5,96,255 Lithuanian workers, 22, 23, 165 lockouts, 51,52, 116,169,250 Loginov, Ivan, 96 Lopata, 94-5 Lozovskii, A., 112, 158,188, 210, 214, 215-16,221,223,241 machine-breaking, 89,246 machine-tool construction industry, 8,9 Maiskii, Menshevik delegate to trade union congress, 230 Maksimov, G., 142-3,221 management, factory, see administrative personnel; collegial management; employers; one-man management; self-management Mao Zedong, Maoism, 262 Martov, Y.O., 218 Marx, Karl, Marxism, 2,141,255,263 mass-production, 8,9, 24-5, 29,31, 254 masterovye, 28, 29, 31-2,34, 72 maternity pay, 70, 170, 194 Maxwell cotton mill, political make-up of factory committee, 163 mechanisation, 8, 28,29 medical funds, 43, 58 Medvedev, 247 Menshevik-Internationalists: and cultural level of workers, 94; on factory committees, 81, 183; influence in trade unions, 112, 113, 115,187; position on workers’ control, 187,215—16 Mensheviks, 52, 53, 77,84,97,101, 170, 192; active in cooperative movement, 87; call for state control of economy, 151, 153-4, ^7, 258; conflict with Bolsheviks over trade unions, 109, 110, 111, 136; favour independence of trade unions, 218, 222; hostile to factory committees, 81,251; influence in factory committees, 56,66,67,90, 100, 161, 164, r 79,198,211; influence in trade unions, 104, 107, in, 113-16, 187, 217,257; and organisations for unemployed, 246-7; rejection of workefs’ control, 151,167,182-3, 188; support for subordination of factory committees to trade unions, 213,221 Meshcherinov, Captain V.D., 61 metal industries, 7,9, 12, 27-8,52,243; absenteeism, 89; accident rates, 42; size of workforce, 10, 12, 245; working hours, 44,67; see also metalworkers Metal works: activities of works committee, 72,85,96, 175, 201,260; attitude of‘new’ workers to trade union, 196; demand for eight-hour day, 65; rate of sickness and injury among workers, 42; stokers form union, 106-7; strikes and young workers, 53; wage differentials, 47; workers’ directorate runs factory, 236; workers’ militia, 98, 99 metalworkers, 26,27,28-9,32,34,40, 198, 255; attitude to workers’ control, 165, 167,184,216, 219; and piece-rates, 73,132, 249,250,305 n.97; political composition offactory committees, 161, 162; proletarianisation of, 16, 18-20; wages, 46-7, 71, 130,131; women workers, 24-5, 34,48,133,176, 194; unemployed, 168; young workers, 25; see also metal industries; metalworkers’ union metalworkers’ union, 31,93, 106-7, io^ 201, 202, 217; attitude to evacuation, 174; collective contract, 120, 121-9, ‘32,133. '96, 254-1 257; membership, 104-5, 200,280 n. 1; political influence in, 113-14; relationship with factory committees, 167, 186-7, 222; and women workers, 176, 194 Metallist, 216, 219 Mezhraiontsy, 84, 111, 185 Michels, Robert, 103 militancy: of chemorabochie ^ 121, 124; conscription as punishment for, 21, 51, 180; of metalworkers, 12; of‘new’ workers, 191-2,199, 255; in West, 103; of women, 195, 255; see also ‘carting-out’; strikes ‘militarisation’ of industry, 48,49,59,171 Military Horseshoe works: far-reaching workers’ control at, 64; nation- alisation of, 240 Military-Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, 232, 234 militias, 85,98-102, 112, 178 Miller, L.G., 193 Milonov, Yu., 31 Milyutin, V.P., 144, 157, 158, 159, 167, 210,239 Mint, factory committee at: political make-up of, 162; re-election of, 205 monopolies, 7,9 morality, labour organisations’ concern with standards of, 94 Moscow industrial region: effects of economic crisis in, 168; entrepreneurs of, 74—5, 77,169; peasant migration to, 15; political influence in labour organisations, 113,114,115,165; wage contracts, 120 Moscow railways, factory committees of, 249 musicians’ union, excluded from PCTU, 111 Nabokov, Menshevik delegate at factory committee conference, 182 Narva district: soviet, 81; workers’ living conditions, 12, 13 nationalisation: Bolshevik plans for, 154, 157,223, 302 n.56; critiqueof Bolshevik policy on, 229; factory committees press for, 225, 227,239; ofindividual factories, 233, 236, 237, 239-40; make-up ofboards of nationalised enterprises, 241; opposition to, 224; Soviet historians’ view of, 304 n .48; of whole of industry, 260 naval enterprises, 8,41,46-7, 73, 135; committees discuss workers’ self- management, 62, 182-3; and factory committee law, 79 Naval Ministry, 8,64, 182, 183 needleworkers’ union, 112, 194,216 Nevka spinning mill: labour discipline at, 248; strike activity at, 53; wage differentials, 71, 72; women workers complain offactory committee’s autocratic behaviour, 207 Nevskaya cotton mill: factory committee seeks coordination with other committees, 83; labour discipline, 90,94; wages, 117; women workers present list of‘requests’ to management, 69-70 Nevskii footwear factory: factory committee abolishes overtime working, 67; management resistance to workers’control, 181,232; women workers, 194 Nevskii shipbuilding company: activities offactory committee, 55—6,85,147, 173, 176; craft consciousness at, 29- 30; nationalised, 233; political make- up offactory committee, 161; re- introduction of piece-rates, 305 n.96; size of workforce, 8; strikes, 53, 136, 250; white collar workers, 135, 136; workers’ takeover, 232-3; New Admiralty shipyards: co-existence of stewards’ and factory committees, 58; extent of workers’ control, 64, 163; technical staff expelled by workers, 55; triviality of some factory committee business, 85; workers demand revolutionary government, 166 New Cotton-Weaving Mill, factory rules, 38 New Dawn Club, 96 New Lessner works: Bolshevik workers call for evacuation of‘yellow labour’ and‘peasants’, 173; demand for eight-hour day, 65; number of workers voting in factory committee elections, 206; political composition offactory committee, 161; Red Guard at, 100; strikes, 49,52; swing to Bolsheviks, 52 New Parviainen works: labour indiscipline, 90; Menshevik influence, 52; and metalworkers’ contract, 128; political composition offactory committee, 161; Red Guard at, 100 ‘new’ workers, 21-3, 190-2, 254-5, 269 n.8o; see also peasant workers; unskilled workers; women workers; young workers Nicholas II, Tsar, 54 night work, 27,44,170 Nobel factory, 7; political composition of factory committee, 161; re-election of committee, 251; scope of workers’ control, 163; strike at,5i;swing to Bolsheviks, 52; theatre group, 97; workers condemn Skobelev circulars, 180; workers’ takeover, 238
Northern Cotton Mill: factory rules, 38; non-party members offactory committee, 160 Northern Iron-Construction Company, factory committee elects directorate to run factory, 238 Novakovskii, 135, 136 Novaya Zhizn', 94, 215 Novyi Put', 214 Obukhov works: composition of board of management after nationalisation, 240; factory committee, 62,81, 161, 163; metal union closes factory, 250; number of workers, 8; picketed by unemployed, 246; resolution passed on workers’ control, 165; strikes, 53; wages, 46,47,117; workers condemn Skobelev circulars, 181 October Revolution, 1,108,184,197, 209, 230,246 ‘off-loading’, see evacuation Okhrana, 49 Okhta cotton mill, 53 Okhta explosives works: activities of factory committee, 65,87,173,176, 242-3; conditions of work, 41-2; drunkenness at, 93; re-election of factory committee, 205; size of workforce, 8; woodturners refuse tariff category, 108; workers’ self- management, 61,62, 163 Old Lessner works: Menshevik influence at, 52; Red Guard at, 100; re-election offactory committee, 251; workers propose setting up of district council offactory committees, 83 Old Parviainen works, redundancy plans, 243 one-man management, 228,241-2, 251, 260,261 Optics factory, evacuation plans, 173 orders: checking by workers, 155, 176, 231,240,258; employers refuse new, 235 Ordzhonikidze, G.K., 159 Organisation Bureau, 61-2 Osinskii,V.V.,229 Osipov leather works: strike, 70; workers complain offactory committee’s autocratic behaviour, 207 output norms, 125,132,249,250 overtime working: control by factory committees, 67-8,85; increased during war, 44,45,191; payment rates, 43,69,135; reduction in, 68, 70; widespread before war, 43; workers prepared to accept, to help war effort, 66; see also eight-hour day Owen, Robert, 142 Pal' works: political composition of factory committee, 160, 163; strikes
peasant workers: behaviour pattern of, 19-20, 191; calls for transfer of land
peasant workers: continued participation in labour movement, 36,197; status of women, 26; see also proletarianisation Pechatkin paper mill; number of workers voting in elections, 205; women poorly represented on committee, 194 Pella engineering works, workers’ evacuation plans, 173 People’s Commissariat of Labour (Narkomtrud), 220,242,249 Peterhof district, 12; district soviet, 100, 175, 177-8; factory committee district council, 83 Petichev engineering works, workers condemn evacuation plans, 173 Petrograd, 4,5; economy of, 6-9, 35-6, 145; exodus of workers from, 243-5; living conditions, 13-14; see also St Petersburg Petrograd Council of Trade Unions (PCTU): formation and powers of, 110—x 1; and labour discipline, 93; opposes evacuation plans, 174; opposes Kornilov rebellion, 112-13; and piece-rates, 249; political influence within, 111-12, 113; relations with CCFC, 112-13, 186; represented on ARCWC, 213; and strikes, 108,250 Petrograd Soviet, 1,54,93,98,112,115, 174,192, 250; and conciliation chambers, 66, 77; and factory committees, 62, 78-9,178,204,248; and minimum wage, 72-3; and workers’ militias, 99-100, 101, 102 pharmacy employees’ union, 104; strike, 118
Phoenix engineering works: political composition offactory committee, 161, 197; management finances workers’ club, 96; shop stewards’ committee, 58,65; stokers’ union formed, 106; swing to Bolsheviks, 52; workers’ militia, 98 piece-rates, 41,42; attempts to revive, after October Revolution, 249-50, 251, 261; complex system of, in tsarist factories, 47; demands for abolition after February Revolution, 73; as means of raising productivity, 89,90, 132,249; as part of wage contracts, 128,131-2 Piontovskii, 167,189 Pipe works: administration dismissed by factory soviet, 55; election offactory committee, 205, 206,251; evacuation plans, 173; factory committee seeks fuel supplies, 147; finance sub-committee, 176; indiscipline among workforce, 88-9; militancy of peasant workers, 196; and New Dawn Club, 96; number of workers, 8; and organisation of food supplies, 87; political composition of factory committee, 162-3; shop stewards, 58, 161; strike activity, 53; women workers, 192, 195; workers’ control, 61 Plekhanov, G.V., 49, 255 police, 98, no police informers, 276 n.2 Polish workers, 22,56,96 political consciousness, 3,49,97,118,121 Potekhin, M.N., 240 Pouget, Emile, 275 n.88 Pravda, 124 Precision Engineering Company, closure of, 176 price rises, wartime, 45,51, 116,124; see also inflation print trade, printers, 3-4; ‘autonomous commissions’, 58; conciliation chambers, 77; no division between factory committee and trade union, 201; number of workers, 10,33; wages, 46,47-8,129-30,131,133; unemployment, 168; see also printworkers’ union; typesetters printworkers’ union, 73,103,104,201—2; collective contracts, 129-30; firm stand against overtime, 68; membership, 105,200; Menshevik influence in, 115-16; professional sections, 286 n.24; strike action, 121, 130; supports factory committee at Kan printworks, 80 private sector, 8,182, 263; abolition of piece-rates in, 131; factory committees in, 60,64, 185, 256; insurance provision in, 42-3; Lenin’s plans for, 223; nationalisation, 239-40; wages, 46 Prizhelaev, I., 203 Prodparovoz, 7 productive forces, theories of, 262-4 productivity, 8,12; factory committees responsible for, 240; labour indiscipline seen as cause of low,
Prodvagon,7 Progressive Bloc, 52, 74 Prokopovich, S.N., 14,16,44,45,109 proletarianisation of workers, 14-20,253, 254. 255 Proletkult, 97,98,2840.113 Promet Armaments factory, 52; factory committee over-ruled by workforce, 67; election offactory committee, 2°5 ...
Provisional Government: industrialists’ initial confidence in, 75; labour relations policy, 76-7; and law on factory committees, 78-9; Lenin and Bolsheviks’ refusal to support, 153; and organisation of food supplies, 86; setting up of, 54; workers’ dissatisfaction with, 124; see also Coalition government; Labour, Ministry of; Kerensky government Pushkin, Alexander, 5 Putilov factory committee, 81-2,85,88, 146, 198,204, 205; help Brenner works committee, 148,178; political composition of, 161; and problem of ‘responsible’ control of production, 183-4; search for fuel supplies, 147, ’75 Putilov works, 12,13; director killed by workers, 55; high technology of, 8, 31; nationalised, 240; productivity,
Putilov workers, 8, 22,28, 29, 30,65,95; condemn Skobelev circular, 180; and evacuation plans, 172, 173; and labour discipline, 89-90,94, 247-8; and metal contract, 122-3, I24—5, 126, 127, 128, 129; relations between workers and sluzhashchie, 136-7, 234; shop committees, 81—2; survey of fitters (1918), 190; wages, 47, 72, 122,272 n. 139,305 n.96; workers’ club, 96,97; and workers’ control, 64,146,165,166,172,183-4; seealso Putilov factory committee; Putilov works Puzanov, chief of Putilov’s Black Hundreds, 55 Puzyrev works, swing to Bolshevik party, 52 Radio Telegraph works factory committee: demands payment for workers serving in militia, 99; implements radical form of workers’ control, 163 railway workers’ strike, 118 Rashin, A.G., 40 Rasputin clique, 75 rates commissions, 121,127-8,132, 196, 257 raw materials: factory committees’ control of, 84,147-8,176,231,240,
Red Guards, 100-2,114, 197,234,285 nI39 redundancies, 118,127, 251; conflict between male and female workers over, 175-6, 195,254; factory committees draw up plans for, 242— 3; factory committees fight against, 174-6,259; factory committees responsible for laying off workers, 240; lay-off terms, 175,247,250 reformism, 109 Yüklə 4,02 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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