This book explores the impact of the 1917 Revolution on factory life

following figures on the number of cases successfully resolved between
April and August: at the Baltic works, 12 out of 160 cases heard; at the
Izhora works, 7 out of 50; at New Admiralty, 3 out of 29; at Obukhov, 3
out of 20. Baklanova, Rabochie Petrograda, pp.8o—1.

73. 
    Freidlin, Ocherki istorii, p. 138.
    
74. 
    Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie Rossii nakamne velikoi oktyabr' skoi sotsialisticheskoi
    revolyutsii, vol.i (Moscow, 1957), p.512.
    
75. 
    V.I. Selitskii, Massy v bor'be za rabochii kontrol': mart—iyun', igiyg.
    (Moscow, 1971), p.161.
    
76. 
    Okt. rev. i fabzavkomy, vol.i, pp.25—6.
    
77. 
    The Russian Provisional Government, vol.i, pp.718-20; Edinstvo, 10, 11 April
    ^I9^I7> P-4-
    
78. 
    Volobuev, Proletariat i burzhuaziya, pp.326-8.
    
79. 
    Torgovo-Promyshlennaya Gazeta, 86, 27 April 1917, p.3; and ibid., 98, 13
    May 1917, p.2.
    

NOTES TO CHAPTER 4

1. 
   This contrasts with the situation in 1908, when levels of trade-union
   membership in the metal industry were highest in enterprises of 50 to 500
   workers, and lowest in enterprises of a thousand plus. F. Bulkin, Na zare
   profdvizheniya (Leningrad, 1924), p.306.
   
2. 
   These generalisations are based on calculations using Oktyabr'skaya
   revolyutsiya i fabzavkomy, ed. P.N. Amosov, vol.2 (Moscow, 1927),
   pp.217-31 and Spisok fabrichno-zavodskikh predpriyatii Petrograda (Petro-
   grad, 1918).
   
3. 
   Ibid. and Materialy po statistike truda Sevemoi oblasti, 1 (Petrograd, 1918),
   p.10.
   
4. 
   Golos Kozhevnika, 6-7, 25 January 1918, p.18.
   
5. 
   Pechatnoe Delo, 7, 19 August 1917, p.15; Delo Naroda, 168, 30 September
   1917, p.14.
   
6. 
   V.Z. Drobizhev, Glavnyi shtab sotsialisticheskoi promyshlennosti (Moscow,
   

1966. 
      , p.56.
      

7. 
   Oktyabr'skaya revolyutsiya ifabzavkomy, ed. P.N. Amosov, vol.i (Moscow,
   i927)> P-33-
   
8. 
   Ibid., p. 242.
   
9. 
   Novyi Put', 1-2, 15 October 1917, p.15.
   
10. 
    M.I. Mitel'man, igiy god na Putilovskom zavode (Leningrad, 1939), P-33-
    
11. 
    Raionnye sovety Petrograda v igiyg., vol.2 (Moscow, 1965), pp.91, 122.
    
12. 
    D.A. Kovalenko, ‘Bor'ba fabrichno-zavodskikh komitetov Petrograda
    za rabochii kontrol' nad proizvodstvom (mart-oktyabr' 1917g.)’, Istor-
    icheskie Zapiski, 61 (1957), 75.
    
13. 
    Putilovets v trekh revolyutsiyakh, ed. 1.1. Gaza (Leningrad, 1933, P-333-
    
14. 
    ‘Every decision of the shop committee must be minuted and sent to the
    committee for ratification’, ibid., p.335; W. Rosenberg, ‘Workers and
    Workers’ Control in the Russian Revolution’, History Workshop, 5 (1978),
    

94-
15 Ibid., pp.333-5.


Notes

16. 
    Leningrad State Historical Archive (LGIA), f.1304, op.i, d.3669, 1.23.
    
17. 
    I.A. Baklanova, Rabochie Petrograda v period mimogo razvitiya revolyutsii
    (Leningrad, 1978), pp.96, 99.
    
18. 
    Okt. rev. i fabzavkomy, vol.i, p.35.
    
19. 
    M.L. Itkin, ‘Tsentry fabrichno-zavodskikh komitetov Rossii v 1917g.’,
    Voprosy Istorii, 2 (1974), 27.
    
20. 
    Z.V. Stepanov, Rabochie Petrograda v period podgotovki i provedeniya
    oktyabr'skogo vooruzhennogo vosstaniya (Moscow, 1965), p. 108.
    
21. 
    Okt. rev. i fabzavkomy, vol.2, pp.36-7.
    
22. 
    Rabochii kontrol' vpromyshlennykhpredpriyatiyakh Petrograda igiy-i8gg. vol. 1
    (Leningrad, 1947), pp.211-12; 218-19.
    
23. 
    Stepanov, Rabochie Petrograda, p. 108.
    
24. 
    B.M. Freidlin, Ocherki istorii rabochego dvizheniya v Rossii v igijg. (Moscow,
    1967), p. 146.
    
25. 
    Okt. rev. i fabzavkomy, vol.2, p.37.
    
26. 
    Ibid., pp. 175-6; 259-60; Novyi Put', 1-2, 14 January 1918, p.7. The
    Factory Convention was created at the end of 1915 to coordinate war
    production in the state and private factories of Petrograd region. After
    February 1917 it was democratised by the addition of representatives
    from labour organisations.
    
27. 
    M.L. Itkin, ‘Tsentral'nyi Sovet fabrichno-zavodskikh komitetov’,
    Oktyabr'skoe vooruzhennoe vosstanie v Petrograde (Moscow, 1980), p. 179—80.
    
28. 
    S. Schwarz, ‘Fabrichno-zavodskie komitety i profsoyuzy v pervye gody
    revolyutsii’ in The Russian Provisional Government, eds. R.P. Browder and
    A.F. Kerensky, vol.2 (Stanford, 1961).
    
29. 
    Okt. rev. i fabzavkomy, vol.i, pp. 170, 190.
    
30. 
    Ibid., pp.47-8.
    
31. 
    A.A. Sviridov, ‘Fabrichno-zavodskie komitety kak forma organizatsii
    piterskikh rabochikh v 1917g.’, Uchenye zapiski Leningradskogo gos. ped.
    inst., 298 (1971), 78.
    
32. 
    D.A. Tseitlin, ‘Fabrichno-zavodskie komitety Petrograda v fevrale-
    oktyabre i9i7g.’, Voprosy Istorii, 11 (1956), 86.
    
33. 
    Freidlin, Ocherki istorii, p. 129.
    
34. 
    M. Fleer, ‘Putilovskii zavod v I9i7-i8gg.’, Bor'ba Klassov, 1-2 (1924),
    288-9.
    
35. 
    Fabrichno-zavodskie komitety Petrograda v igi7g., ed. 1.1. Mints (Moscow,
    

!979). PP-3°7> 3*7-
36 Ibid., p.595.

37. 
    J.L.H. Keep, The Russian Revolution: a study in mass mobilisation (London,
    Weidenfeld, 1976), Ch.3.
    
38. 
    P.I. Lyashchenko, History of the National Economy of Russia (New York,
    Macmillan, 1949), p.767.
    
39. 
    Torgovo-Promyshlennaya Gazeta, 140, 4 July 1917, p.3; E.A. Adibek-
    Melikyan, Revolyutsionnaya situatsiya v Rossii nakanune Oktyabrya (Erevan,
    

1966. 
      , p. 156; Stepanov, Rabochie Petrograda, pp.66-7.
      

37. 
    Professional'noe dvizhenie v Petrograde v igiyg. (Leningrad, 1928), p.15.
    
38. 
    S.G. Strumilin, Problemy ekonomiki truda (Moscow, 1964), p.350.
    
39. 
    Stepanov, Rabochie Petrograda, p.67.
    

37. 
    V.I. Binshtok and L.S. Kaminskii, Narodnoe pitanie i narodnoe zdorov'e
    (Moscow, 1929), pp.31, 54; Uslovye byta rabochikh v dorevolyutsionnoi Rossii
    (Moscow, 1958), p. 14; E. Kabo, Pitanie russkogo rabochego do iposle voiny
    (Moscow, 1926), p.6g.
    
38. 
    Trud, 2-3 Sept. 1917, pp.25-6; Rabochii kooperator, 1, 12 Dec. 1917, p.3;
    L.V. Ol'khovaya, ‘Rabochaya kooperatsiya kak forma organizatsii
    proletariata’, Rossiiskii proletariat: oblik, bor'ba gegemoniya (Moscow,
    I970)-
    
39. 
    Rab. Kontrol', p. 106.
    
40. 
    Stepanov, Rabochie Petrograda, p.68.
    
41. 
    S.E. Loginova, ‘Partiya bol'shevikov-organizator revolyutsionnogo
    tvorchestva mass v reshenii prodovol'stvennoi problemy v period
    podgotovki oktyabrya’, Uchenye zapiski Leningradskogo universiteta, seriya
    ist. nauk, 31 (1959), 77.
    
42. 
    Stepanov, Rabochie Petrograda, p.68.
    
43. 
    Raionnye Sovety Petrograda v iQiJg-, vol.3 (Moscow, 1965), p.264; A.
    Pankratova, Fabzavkomy i profsoyuzy v revolyutsii igiyg. (Moscow, 1927),
    p.38.
    
44. 
    Kommuna, 1, 17 March 1917, p.7.
    
45. 
    Ibid.
    
46. 
    Vestnik obshchestva Zavodchikov i fabrikantov, 5, 10 June 1917, p.3.
    
47. 
    Torgovo-Promyshlennaya Gazeta, 64, 25 April 1917, p.2.
    
48. 
    Rabochaya Gazeta, 154, 7 Sept. 1917, p.4; Putilovets v trekh rev., p.415.
    
49. 
    Rabochaya Gazeta, 114, 23 July 1917, p.3; Stepanov, Rabochie Petrograda,
    pp. 129-30.
    
50. 
    Rabochaya Gazeta, 174, 30 Sept. 1917, p.3.
    
51. 
    Ibid.
    
52. 
    Rabochaya Gazeta, 17,26 March 1917, p.4; Rabochaya Gazeta, 18, 28 March
    

^l9^l7> P¹-

37. 
    Okt. rev. i. fabzavkomy, vol.i, p.53.
    
38. 
    Leningrad State Historical Archive (LGIA), f.1477, op.3, d.i, 1.90.
    
39. 
    V.F. Shishkin, Velikii oktyabr' i proletarskii moral' (Moscow, 1976),
    

PP-74-5-

37. 
    Ibid., p.75-6.
    
38. 
    Rab. Kontrol', pp. 195-6.
    
39. 
    Stepanov, Rabochie Petrograda, p. 130.
    
40. 
    J. Saville, ‘The Ideology of Labourism’, in Knowledge and Belief in Politics,
    ed. R. Benewick (London, Allen and Unwin, 1973).
    
41. 
    See, for example, M.K. Eroshkin, The Soviets in Russia (New York, 1919),
    p.44.
    
42. 
    Rabochii Put’, 39, 18 Oct. 1917, p.2.
    
43. 
    Rossiiskii proletariat: oblik, bor'ba, gegomoniya (Moscow, 1970), p.278.
    
44. 
    S.N. Prokopovich, Byudzhety peterburgskikh rabochikh (St Petersburg,
    1909), p.7; M. Davidovich, Peterburgskii tekstil'nyi rabochii (St Petersburg,
    1912), p.20.
    
45. 
    A. Buzinov, Za Nevskoi zastavoi (Moscow, 1930), pp.25-6; A.M. Buiko,
    Put' rabochego: zapiski starogo bol'shevika (Moscow, 1934), p.n.
    
46. 
    Buzinov, Za Nevskoi zastavoi, p.73.
    

37. 
    Binshtok and Kaminskii, Narodnoe pitanie, pp.45-6.
    
38. 
    Ibid.
    
39. 
    Ibid.
    
40. 
    Novaya Zhizn', 24, 16 May 1917, p.2.
    
41. 
    Pravda, 59, 17 May 1917, p.4.
    
42. 
    Rabochaya Gazeta, 78, 11 June 1917, p.4.
    
43. 
    Fab. zav. kom. p.241.
    
44. 
    Ibid., pp.532, 578.
    
45. 
    Ibid, pp. 144, 151, 293-4, 4⁰¹-
    81 Stepanov, Rabochie Petrograda, p. 131.
    

82. 
    Ibid.
    
83. 
    Ibid.
    
84. 
    Shishkin, Velikii oktyabr', p. 182.
    
85. 
    P. Timofeev, Chem zhivet zavodskii rabochii (St Petersburg, 1906), p.8.
    
86. 
    Fleer, ‘Putilovskii zavod v I9i7-i8gg.’, p.297.
    
87. 
    Baklanova, Rabochie Petrograda, p. 75.
    
88. 
    I. Gordienko, Iz boevogo proshlogo, igi4~i8gg. (Moscow, 1957), p. 100.
    
89. 
    V.I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 5th ed., vol.45 (Moscow, 1964),
    p.381.
    
90. 
    Lenin, ibid., p.454. Note Trotsky’s comment: ‘The Russian worker -
    except the very top of the class — usually lacks the most elementary habits
    and notions of culture (in regard to dress, education, punctuality, etc.).
    The West European worker possesses these habits. He has acquired
    them by a long, slow process under the bourgeois order. This explains
    why in Western Europe the working class - at any rate its superior
    elements - is so strongly attached to the bourgeois regime, with its
    democracy, free capitalist press, etc. The belated bourgeois regime in
    Russia had no time to do any good for the working class and the Russian
    proletariat broke with the bourgeoisie all the more easily and overthrew
    the bourgeois regime without regret... History gives us nothing free of
    cost. Having made a reduction on one point — in politics — it makes us pay
    the more on another - in culture.’ L. Trotsky, Problems of Everyday Life
    (New York, Pathfinder, 1973), p.20.
    
91. 
    Fleer, ‘Putilovskii zavod v 1917—i8gg.’, p.295.
    
92. 
    Mitel'man, igiy god na Putilovskom zavode, p.213.
    
93. 
    Fab. zav. kom. pp.93, 149.
    
94. 
    Ibid., pp.203, 213, 382-3, 397.
    
95. 
    ^id., pp.566, 587, 596.
    
96. 
    V ogne revolyutsionnykh boev, vol.2 (Moscow, 1971), p.45.
    
97. 
    N.S. Sergeev, Metallisty: istoriya Leningradskogo Metallicheskogo zavoda im.
    XXII s"ezda KPSS, vol.i (Leningrad, 1967), p.338.
    
98. 
    V ogne revolyutsionnykh boev, vol.i (Moscow, 1967), p.151; see the
    description by N. Krupskaya, Lenin’s wife, of teaching a literacy class in
    Vyborg district in 1917. N. Krupskaya, Memories of Lenin (London,
    Panther, 1970), p.307.
    
99. 
    I.D. Levin, ‘Rabochie kluby v Peterburge, 1907—14’, Materialy po istorii
    professional'nogo dvizheniya, 3 (1925), 4.
    

100 Rabochaya Gazeta, 10, 17 March 1917, p.2.

101. 
     Novaya Zhizn', 70, 9 July 1917, p.5.
     
102. 
     Novaya Zhizn', 76, 16 July 1917, p.5.
     
103. 
     Novaya Zhizn', 124, 10 Sept. 1917, p.4.
     
104. 
     Novaya Zhizn', 106, 20 Aug. 1917, p.5.
     
105. 
     See the survey of working-class taste in L.M. Kleinbort, Ocherki rabochego
     intelligentsii: teatr, zhivopis’, muzika, vol.2 (Petrograd, 1923), pp.14, 42.
     
106. 
     Novaya Zhizn', 70, 9 July 1917, p.5.
     
107. 
     Novaya Zhizn', 76, 17 July 1917, p.5; ibid., 106, 20 Aug. 1917, p.5.
     
108. 
     Novaya Zhizn', 82, 23 July 1917, p.5.
     
109. 
     Novaya Zhizn', 31, 25 May 1917, p.5.
     
110. 
     Novaya Zhizn', 94, 6 Aug. 1917, p.2; Yunyi Proletarii, 2, 25 Jan. 1918, p.3;
     Rabochii, 6, 29 Aug. 1917, p.4.
     
111. 
     Novaya Zhizn', 70, 9 July 1917, p.5.
     
112. 
     Novaya Zhizn', 128, 15 Sept. 1917, p.7.
     
113. 
     The proceedings of this conference make fascinating reading, fore-
     shadowing, as they do, the later debates within Proletkult. Luna-
     charsky, Gorky, Osip Brik and many others took part in discussions
     about art, education and proletarian culture. The fullest account of the
     conference proceedings is in P. Gorsen and E. Knodler-Bunte, Proletkult:
     System einer Proletarischen Kultur, Band 1, Dokumentation (Stuttgart,
     

1974)-

101. 
     Profsoyuzy SSSR, ed. I. Borshchenko, vol.i (Moscow, 1963), p.425.
     
102. 
     V.I. Lenin, Collected Works, 4th ed., vol.29 (London, Lawrence and
     Wishart, 1965), p. 70.
     
103. 
     See the excellent discussion of this question by C. Claudin-Urondo,
     Lenin and the Cultural Revolution (Sussex, Harvester, 1977), Ch.3; S.
     Fitzpatrick, The Commissariat of Enlightenment: Soviet Organisation of
     Education and the Arts under Lunacharsky (Cambridge, 1970), Ch.5.
     
104. 
     N. Ya. Ivanov, Velikii oktyabr' v Petrograde (Leningrad, 1957), p-42.
     
105. 
     V.I. Startsev, Ocherki po istorii Petrogradskoi krasnoi gvardii i rabochei militsii
     (Moscow, 1965), pp.44-5.
     
106. 
     Revolyutsionnoe dvizhenie posle sverzheniye samoderzhaviya (Moscow, 1957),
     p.448.
     
107. 
     Startsev, Ocherki, p.59.
     
108. 
     Ibid., p.57.
     
109. 
     Tseitlin, ‘Fabrichno-zavodskie komitety’, pp.89-90.
     
110. 
     Startsev, Ocherki, p.48.
     
111. 
     Rev. dvizh. posle sverzheniya, pp.56—8; Pervyi legal'nyi komitet: sbornik
     materialov i protokolov zasedanii Peterburgskogo komiteta RSDRP (b.) (Mos-
     cow, 1927), p.36.
     
112. 
     ‘Iz istorii krasnoi gvardii’, Istoricheskii Arkhiv 5, (1957), 122-3.
     
113. 
     Startsev, Ocherki, p.52.
     
114. 
     Ibid. pp.66—9; V. Vinogradov, ‘Krasnaya gvardiya Petrogradskogo
     metallicheskogo zavoda’, Krasnaya Letopis', 2 (23) (1927)5 166.
     
115. 
     Startsev, Ocherki, p.74.
     
116. 
     Ibid., p.64.
     
117. 
     Fab. zav. kom., pp.71, 451.
     
118. 
     Startsev, Ocherki, pp.104-7.
     

101. 
     ‘Iz istorii krasnoi gvardii’, p.124.
     
102. 
     Leningradskie rabochie v bor'be za vlast' sovetov (Leningrad, 1924), p.24.
     
103. 
     Ibid., p.23.
     
104. 
     ‘Iz istorii krasnoi gvardii’, p. 125.
     
105. 
     Pravda, 44, 29 April 1917, p.4.
     
106. 
     Novaya Zhizn', 10, 29 April, p.4.
     
107. 
     Rabochaya Gazeta, 43, 29 April, p.i; lzvestiya, 29 April, p.i.
     
108. 
     Startsev estimates that by the end of June as many as 52 factories had
     contingents of Red Guards, numbering more than 5,000 members
     (Startsev, Ocherki, p. 129). Many of these, however, must have been units
     of workers’ militia rather than the more politicised Red Guards. An
     earlier Soviet historian is surely correct to say that ‘down to the Kornilov
     rebellion, the Red Guard was not a broad mass organisation’. E.
     Pinezhskii, Krasnaya goardiya, 2nd ed. (Moscow, 1933), p.33.
     
109. 
     Startsev, Ocherki, pp.82-3.
     
110. 
     Ibid., p.86.
     
111. 
     Fab. zav. kom., pp. 144, 284, 458-9.
     

NOTES TO CHAPTER 5

1. 
   R. Michels, Political Parties (New York, Macmillan, Free Press, 1968).
   
2. 
   V.E. Bonnell, ‘Trade Unions, Parties and the State in Tsarist Russia’,
   Politics and Society, 9, no.3 (1980).
   
3. 
   Revolutionary Situations in Europe, igiy-22: Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary,
   ed. C. Bertrand (Montreal, Inter-University Centre for European
   Studies, 1977); C. Maier, Recasting Bourgeois Europe (Princeton Univer-
   sity Press, 1975).
   
4. 
   I.P. Leiberov, Na shturm samoderzhaviya (Moscow, 1979), p.61.
   
5. 
   Pravda, 12, 18 March 1917, p.4; Tkach, 1, Nov.1917, p.28.
   
6. 
   Pravda, 9, 15 March 1917, p.4; Metallist, 12 (1922), 63.
   
7. 
   A. Shlyapnikov, Semnadtsatyi God, vol.2 (Moscow, 1925), p.133.
   
8. 
   Professional'noe dvizhenie v Petrograde v rgiyg., ed. A. Anskii (Leningrad,
   

1927. 
      , p.i 19; Rabochaya Gazeta, 42, 28 April 1917, p.4.
      

9. 
   F.A. Bulkin, Na zare profdvizheniya. Istoriya peterburgskogo soyuza metallistov,
   ig°6~ⁱ4gg. (Leningrad, 1924), pp.290-1.
   
10. 
    The membership figures for the paper, print, tobacco, leather and wood
    unions exceed the total number of workers in the respective industries in
    Petrograd. This may partly be due to the fact that these unions included
    workers in the province of Petrograd, and not just the city, but it seems
    more likely to be due to the fact that the figures represent not current
    membership in October and July, but the number of enrollments since
    March, i.e. they make no allowance for dropouts. Compare V. Ya.
    Grunt’s analysis of the figures for trade-union membership in Moscow in
    Istoriya SSSR, 1 (1965), 232.
    
11. 
    Such a level of unionisation - achieved in less than six months - did not
    compare badly with the levels in the West. In 1912 about 20% of the
    total occupied labour force in Britain were members of trade unions; in
    Germany about 25%; in the USA and Italy about 11% and in France
    

only 8%. Yu. I. Kir'yanov, ‘Ob oblike rabochego klassa Rossii’,
Rossiiskii proletariat — oblik, bor'ba, gegemoniya (Moscow, 1970), p.130.

12.