United states securities and exchange commission

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Revenue

Commissions, fees and other revenue were as follows (in millions):

Years ended December 31	2016				2015				2014
Consulting services	$	1,662			$	1,686			$	1,700
Outsourcing	2,557				2,658				2,607
Intersegment	(36		)		(41		)		(43		)
Total	$	4,183			$	4,303			$	4,264

Commissions, fees and other revenue for HR Solutions decreased $120 million , or 3% , in 2016 compared to 2015 due to a 4% decrease in commissions and fees resulting from net divestitures and a 2% impact from unfavorable foreign currency exchange rates, partially offset by 3% organic revenue growth in commissions and fees.

Reconciliation of organic revenue growth to reported Commissions, fees and other revenue growth for 2016 versus 2015 is as follows:

	Percent Change		Less: Currency Impact		Less: Acquisitions, Divestitures & Other		Organic Revenue Growth
Consulting services	(1)%		(3)%		—%		2%
Outsourcing	(4)%		(1)%		(7)%		4%
Total	(3)%		(2)%		(4)%		3%

Consulting services revenue decreased $24 million , or 1% in 2016 as compared to 2015, due primarily to a 3% impact from unfavorable foreign currency exchange rates, partially offset by organic revenue growth of 2% driven by strong growth in retirement solutions, including investment consulting and delegated investment solutions, as well as communications consulting.

Outsourcing revenue decreased $101 million , or 4% in 2016 as compared to 2015, due to a 7% decrease in commissions and fees resulting from net divestitures and a 1% impact from unfavorable foreign currency exchange rates, which more than offset 4% organic revenue growth driven by strong growth in health care exchanges and new client wins in HR BPO for cloud-based solutions, partially offset by a modest decline in benefits administration.

Operating Income

Operating income was $557 million in 2016, an increase of $21 million , or 4% , from 2015 . Margins in this segment for 2016 were 13.3% , an increase of 80 basis points from 12.5% in 2015 . Operating margin improvement was driven by solid organic revenue growth and expense discipline, partially offset by lost operating income and stranded costs related to previous dispositions, as well as unfavorable foreign currency translation.

Unallocated Income and Expense

A reconciliation of our operating income to income before income taxes is as follows (in millions):

Years ended December 31	2016				2015				2014
Operating income (loss):
Risk Solutions	$	1,587			$	1,506			$	1,648
HR Solutions	557				536				485
Unallocated expense	(238		)		(194		)		(167		)
Operating income	1,906				1,848				1,966
Interest income	9				14				10
Interest expense	(282		)		(273		)		(255		)
Other income	36				100				44
Income before income taxes	$	1,669			$	1,689			$	1,765

Unallocated operating expense  includes corporate governance costs not allocated to the operating segments. Net unallocated expenses increased $44 million to $238 million in 2016 compared to $194 million in 2015 due primarily to $50 million of non-cash expenses related to certain pension settlements.
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Interest income, Interest expense, and Other income  and its components are discussed in Management’s Discussion of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Review of Consolidated Results.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

Our Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. To prepare these financial statements, we make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect what we report as our assets and liabilities, what we disclose as contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented.

In accordance with our policies, we regularly evaluate our estimates, assumptions, and judgments, including, but not limited to, those concerning revenue recognition, pensions, goodwill and other intangible assets, contingencies, share-based payments, and income taxes, and base our estimates, assumptions, and judgments on our historical experience and on factors we believe reasonable under the circumstances. The results involve judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities not readily apparent from other sources. If our assumptions or conditions change, the actual results we report may differ from these estimates. We believe the following critical accounting policies affect the more significant estimates, assumptions, and judgments we use to prepare these Consolidated Financial Statements.

Revenue Recognition

Risk Solutions segment revenues primarily include insurance commissions and fees for services rendered and investment income on funds held on behalf of clients. Revenues are recognized when they are earned and realized or realizable. We consider revenues to be earned and realized or realizable when all of the following four conditions are met: (1) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (2) the arrangement fee is fixed or determinable, (3) delivery or performance has occurred, and (4) collectability is reasonably assured. For brokerage commissions, revenue is typically recognized at the completion of the placement process, assuming all four criteria required to recognize revenue have been met. The placement process is typically considered complete on the effective date of the related policy. Commission revenues are recorded net of allowances for estimated policy cancellations, which are determined based on an evaluation of historical and current cancellation data.

HR Solutions segment revenues consist primarily of fees paid by clients for consulting advice and outsourcing contracts. Fees paid by clients for consulting services are typically charged on an hourly, project, or fixed-fee basis. Revenues from time-and-materials or cost-plus arrangements are recognized as services are performed, assuming all four criteria to recognize revenue have been met. Revenues from fixed-fee contracts are recognized as services are provided using a proportional-performance model or at the completion of a project based on facts and circumstances of the client arrangement. Revenues from healthcare exchange arrangements are typically recognized upon successful enrollment of participants, net of a reserve for estimated cancellations, assuming all four criteria to recognize revenue have been met. Reimbursements received for out-of-pocket expenses are recorded as a component of revenues. Our outsourcing contracts typically have three-to-five year terms for benefits services and five-to-ten year terms for human resources business process outsourcing (“HR BPO”) services. We recognize revenues as services are performed, assuming all four criteria to recognize revenue have been met. We may also receive implementation fees from clients either up-front or over the ongoing services period as a component of the fee per participant. Lump sum implementation fees received from a client are typically deferred and recognized ratably over the ongoing contract services period. If a client terminates an outsourcing services arrangement prior to the end of the contract, a loss on the contract may be recorded, if necessary, and any remaining deferred implementation revenues would typically be recognized over the remaining service period through the termination date.

In connection with our long-term outsourcing service agreements, highly customized implementation efforts are often necessary to set up clients and their human resource or benefit programs on our systems and operating processes. For outsourcing services sold separately or accounted for as a separate unit of accounting, specific, incremental, and direct costs of implementation incurred prior to the services commencing are generally deferred and amortized over the period that the related ongoing services revenue is recognized. Deferred costs are assessed for recoverability on a periodic basis to the extent the deferred cost exceeds related deferred revenue.

Pensions

We sponsor defined benefit pension plans throughout the world. Our most significant plans are located in the U.S., the U.K., the Netherlands and Canada and are closed to new entrants. We have ceased crediting future benefits relating to salary and service for our U.S., U.K., Netherlands and Canadian plans to the extent statutorily permitted.

Beginning for 2016 expense, we elected to utilize a full yield curve approach in the estimation of the service and interest cost components of net periodic pension and post-retirement benefit cost for our major pension and other post-retirement benefit plans by applying the specific spot rates along the yield curve used in the determination of the benefit obligation to the relevant projected cash flows. In 2015 and prior years, we estimated these components of net periodic pension and post-retirement benefit cost by
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applying a single weighted-average discount rate, derived from the yield curve used to measure the benefit obligation at the beginning of the period.

Recognition of gains and losses and prior service

Certain changes in the value of the obligation and in the value of plan assets, which may occur due to various factors such as changes in the discount rate and actuarial assumptions, actual demographic experience, and/or plan asset performance are not immediately recognized in net income. Such changes are recognized in Other comprehensive income and are amortized into net income as part of the net periodic benefit cost.

Unrecognized gains and losses that have been deferred in Other comprehensive income, as previously described, are amortized into Compensation and benefits expense as a component of periodic pension expense based on the average life expectancy of the U.S., the Netherlands, Canada, and U.K. plan members. We amortize any prior service expense or credits that arise as a result of plan changes over a period consistent with the amortization of gains and losses.

As of December 31, 2016 , our pension plans have deferred losses that have not yet been recognized through income in the Consolidated Financial Statements. We amortize unrecognized actuarial losses outside of a corridor, which is defined as 10% of the greater of market-related value of plan assets or projected benefit obligation. To the extent not offset by future gains, incremental amortization as calculated above will continue to affect future pension expense similarly until fully amortized.

The following table discloses our unrecognized actuarial gains and losses, the number of years over which we are amortizing the experience loss, and the estimated 2017 amortization of loss by country (millions, except amortization period):

	U.K.				U.S.				Other
Unrecognized actuarial gains and losses	$	1,256			$	1,618			$	394
Amortization period	9 - 31				7 - 26				14 - 40
Estimated 2017 amortization of loss	$	30			$	52			$	11