Methodological
characteristics of intonation
Puzzle
• Intonation seems to be a critical component of the realization of
exclamation. Consider the following minimal pair:
John arrived on time
• Given this contrast, we should explore the intonation of exclamation
in hopes of moving towards a more fully compositional semantic
analysis
• Similar work by Gunlogson 2004, Condoravdi & Lauer 2012, Ahn et al.
2016, among others, for other utterance types
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What’s exclamation!
• They’re generally thought to be encoding surprise or unexpectedness
• (1) and (2) form a minimal pair with respect to exclamation:
1. Jane solved the problem.
assertion
2. a. (Wow,) Jane solved the problem!
sentence exclamation
b. (Wow,) How quickly J solved the problem! wh-exclamative
c. (Wow,) Did Jane solve the problem! inversion exclamative
d. (Wow,) The problem Jane solved!
nominal exclamative
• Exclamatives have construction-specific morpho-syntactic attributes
(Michaelis & Lambrecht 1996)
• Exclamatives involve an extreme degree interpretation (Rett 2011)
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Overview
• We looked at the intonation contours of exclamations with the goal of
investigating the relationship between the prosodic and semantic features
of exclamation
• We find three key intonational differences between assertions and
exclamations, all of which conspire to indicate that the proposition violates
speaker expectations:
1. L+H*
• Assertion (H*) with added salience (L+H rise) (Pierrehumbert & Hirschberg, 1990)
2. Extra-high targets
• Pitch targets well exceed default pitch range
3. Insertion of extra intermediate phrase boundaries
• Extra prominence by elevating more pitch accents to nuclear status
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Background: Intonation in English
• We use the MAE_ToBI (Mainstream American English Tone and Break
Indices, Beckman et al., 2004) system to discuss English intonation
• English is a pitch-accented language
• Pitch accents mark post-lexical emphasis via intensity, segment articulation,
and F0 pitch targets (Ayers, 1996; Ladd, 2008)
• Pitch accents are autosegmental and associate with stressed syllables (*)
• Native speakers perceive pitch accented words as more prominent
• English has two primitive post-lexical tones (H and L) that combine to
form 5 pitch accent types. Of interest today:
• H*
• L+H*
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Background: Intonation in English
• English has two levels of prosodic phrasing above the word
(intermediate phrase (ip), Intonational Phrase (IP))
• Each Intonational Phrase contains at least one intermediate phrase,
and each intermediate phrase contains at least one pitch accent
• Each IP and ip contributes a final boundary tone (H-, L-, H%, L%)
• The final pitch accent in an intermediate phrase is known as the
Nuclear Pitch Accent (NPA) and is perceived as more prominent
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IP
ip
ip
[This is a sentence] [with two ips]
H*
H*
H*
H-
L- L%
Methodology
• We hired a linguistically naïve consultant to read a series of
exclamations:
• Varied in length (short, medium, long)
• Varied the presence or absence of discourse particle “Wow,…”
• Included all four syntactic constructions
• 23 sentences total (1 short inversion excluded due to speech error)
• Embedded in contexts that licensed exclamation
• Counterbalanced with unrelated fillers
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Items
• Short:
1. (Wow,) John bakes delicious desserts!
2. (Wow,) What delicious desserts John bakes!
3. (Wow,) Can John bake desserts!
4. (Wow,) The desserts that man bakes!
• Medium:
• (Wow,) Liliana bakes delicious creme brulee!
• Long:
• (Wow,) Liliana has a ridiculous amount of shoes!
• (Wow,) How ridiculously many shoes Liliana has!
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Background: Default pitch range
• A speaker’s
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