401 religious encyclopedia nationalism

RATZEBITRG, rat'ee bra", BISHOPRIC OF:

A German diocese founded by Archbishop Adalbert of Hamburg, who consecrated as its first bishop a Greek named Aristo (between 1062 and 1066). The uprising of the Wends, however, put an end to Christianity in their territory, and it was not until they had been subdued by Henry the Lion that the diocese could be reestablished. The first bishop of the revived see was Evermod, who had formerly been prior of St. Mary in Magdeburg, and as he was a Premonstratensian, the chapter of the diocese was filled with members from that order. The bishopric was bounded on the north by the Baltic, on the south by the Elbe, on the east by the Elde, and on the west by the Bills. In 1167 the diocese was some­what diminished by the annexation of Schwerin to Mecklenburg. [The diocese came to an end in 1554, when the bishop, Chriatoph von dem Schulenburg, resigned and became a Lutheran.] (A. HAUCB.)

B:araooswray: Sources are: Mekienburpiachea Urkunden­buch, 12 vole., Schwerin, 1883 sqq.; 8chieewtp Holatein­lauenburpiache Repeater and Urkunden, ed. P. Hasse, 3 vole., Hamburg, 1888 aqq. Consult: C. F. L. Arndt, Das ZebntenrepiMer des Biatuma Ratzcbusp, $ehbnberg, 1833 G. M. C. Maeeh, (#eschichEe des Biatuma Ratzeburp, Lflbeck, 1835; G. Dehio, Oeschiclde des Erxbiatuma Hamburg Bremen, 2 vols, Berlin, 1878; M. Schmidt, Beachreibung and Chronik der 3iadt Ratzeburp, Ratse­buxg, 1882; A. Rudloff, Oeachichte Meckdenburga, Berlin, 1901; Game, Series epiacoporum, p. 304; Hauck, AD, vole.. iii. iv.

RAUCH, raua, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS: Ger­man Reformed educator; b. at Kirchbracht, Hesae­Darmstadt, July 27, 1806; d. at Mercersburg, Pa. Mar. 2, 1841. He entered the University of Mar­burg in 1824, and studied philosophy and theology at Giessen and Heidelberg; was extraordinary pro­fessor of philosophy at Giessen one year and was appointed ordinary professor at Heidelberg; but on account of some political utterance which evoked the displeasure of the government he fled to Amer­ica in 1831. He obtained a livelihood for a while by giving lessons on the pianoforte at Easton, Pa.; but was soon made professor of German in Lafayette College. In 1832 he assumed charge of a classical academy established by the German Reformed Church at York, Pa., and a few months later was ordained and appointed professor of Biblical litera­ture in the theological seminary, while retaining charge of the academy, which in 1835 was trans­ferred to Mercereburg sad in 1836 transformed to Mercersburg College, of which he was the first presi­dent, 1836 41. Rauch was an eminent scholar in classical literature, mental and moral science, sad esthetics; and it was his ambition to organize upon American soil an Anglo German system of thought. He published only Psychology, or a View of the Hu­man Soul, including Anthropology (New York, 1840; 3d ed.,1844) ; his Inner Life of the Christian appeared posthumously (ed. E. V. Gerhart, Philadelphia, 1856).

BrsntoaeerHY: A eulogy by J W Nevin is in Merceraburp Review, xi (1859), 458 sqq. Consult also J. H. Dubbs, in American Church History Series, viii. 855, 357 eqq., 304­388, New York, 189b.

405 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Itatseberaer

Bsatsnstranoh

RAUHES HAUS. See WICHE&N, JOHANN

HINHICH; DEACoN, IV.

RAUSCHEft, mu'shen, GERHARD: German

Roman Catholic; b. at Heinsberg (33 m. s.w. of

Dusseldorf), Prussia, Oct. 13, 1854. He was edu­

cated at the University of Bonn (1874 77) and in

1877 was ordained to the priesthood at Roermond,

Holland. He was teacher in a gymnasium at Ander­

nach (1889 92) and at Bonn (1892 97). In 1897

he became privat docent for church history at the

university of the same city, where he has been asso­

ciate professor of the history of religion since 1902.

He has written Ephemerides Tullianas (Bonn, 1886);

Die Legends Karls des Gros8en im elften and awolften

Jahrhundert (Leipsie, 1890);. Jahrbuch der christ­

lichen Kirehe enter Theodosius dem Groasen (Frei­

burg, 1897); Das griechischrrlhnische Schulwewn.

zur Zeit des au8gehenden Heidentums (Bonn, 1901);

Grundrias der Patrologie mit be8onderer BeriIeksich­

tigung der Dogmengeschichte (Freiburg, 1903); Flori,­

legium patriatieum (7 parts, Bonn, 1904 09); Die

wwhtVeren neuen Funde au8 dem Gebiete der dltesten

Kirchengeachichte (1905); teat books on church his­

tory, dogmatics, and apologetics (4 parts, 1907  08);

and Euchariatie and Buwsakrament in den ersten

8ech8 Jahrhunderten der Kirche (Freiburg, 1908).

RAUSCHENBUSCH, AUGUSTUS: Baptist; b.

at Altona (41 m. n.e. of Cologne) Feb. 13, 1816; d.

at Hamburg 1899. He came of a long line of Lu­

theran pastors and authors; studied at the univer­

sities of Berlin and Bonn; was pastor at Altona in

succession to his father, 1841 45; emigrated in 1845

to America to serve among his countrymen there;

was German secretary and editor for the American

Tract Society, 1846 53; in 1850 he became a Bap­

tist, and served German Baptist churches in Mis­

souri, 1853 58; was head of the German depart­

ment in Rochester Theological Seminary, 1858 90;

returned to Germany in 1890 and spent the rest of

his life there in literary labors. Among his books

may be noted Ge8chichte der Eravdter (New York,

1859) ; Die Bedeutung des Pus8waschens Christi

(Hamburg, 1861); Die Vorldufer der Reformation

(Cleveland, O., 1875); Gehoren die Apokryphen in

der Bibel hinein (Hamburg, 1895); Die Entstehung

der Kindertaufe (1897); Biblische Frauenbilder

(1897); Die Entatehung der Kindertaufe im S. Jahr­

hundert nach Christum and die Wiedereinfuhrung

der biblisehen Taufe im 17. Jahrhundert (1898); and

Handbuchlein der Homiletik fur freskirchlwhe Pre­

diger and fur Stadtmissiondre (Cassel, 1900).

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Leben and Wirken van August Rauachen­

beach, Cassel and Cleveland. Ohio, 1901 (by himself and his

son Walter, q.v.).

RAUSCHENBUSCH, rau'shen bush, WALTER:

Baptist, son of the preceding; b. in Rochester, N.

Y., Oct. 4, 1861. He received his education at the

Rochester Free Academy, the classical gymnasium at

Giitereloh, Germany (1879,83), University of Ro­

cheater (B.A., 1884), Rochester Theological Semi­

nary (graduated 1886), with supplementary studies

in Germany (1891 92 and 1907 08); he was pastor of

the Second German Baptist Church, New York City,

1886 97; professor of New Testament interpreta­

tion in the German department of Rochester Theo 

logical Seminary, 1897 1902; and of church history in the seminary since 1902. His principal work is Christianity and the Social Crissis (New York, 1907), which has run through several editions. Besides this other works worthy of mention are Das Leben Jeau (Cleveland, Ohio, 1895); Leben and Wirken von August Rauschenbusch (Cassel, 1901); The New Evangelism (New York, 1904); For God and the People (1910; prayers); and the sections dealing with American church history in the Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte, ed. G. Krilger (Tiibingen, 1909).

RAUTENBERG, rau'ten barH, JOHANN WIL­

HELM: German Protestant and one of the fore­

most preachers of his day; b. at Moorfleth (a village

near Hamburg) Mar. 1, 1791; d. at Hamburg Mar.

1, 1865. After being forced to flee from Hamburg

in 1813 because of his part in the deliverance of Ham­

burg from the French, he studied at the universities

of Kiel (1813 16) and Berlin (1816 17). He then re­

turned to Hamburg, where he supported himself

chiefly as a private tutor until 1820, when he was

chosen pastor of St. George (now part of the city of

Hamburg). There he labored for nearly forty five

years, and there, on Jan. 9, 1825, he opened a Sun­

day school to give elementary secular instruction

as well as religious training to those children who

were deprived of opportunities for such teaching

during the week. Despite much opposition, this

school not only developed into a week day school

and even into the St. George Stiftskirche, but

was ultimately responsible for the establishment

of the Rauhes Hans (see WICHEHN, JOHANN

HINRICH). Rautenberg's theological position was

throughout one of unswerving orthodoxy and devo­

tion. His chief writings were as follows: Denk­

bldtter (13 parts, Hamburg, 1821 33); two volumes

of sermons (ed. H. Sengehnann, Hamburg, 1866­

1867); and two hymnals, Fesdiche Nachkldnge

(1865) and Hirtenstimmen 1866; both edited by H.

Sengelmann). (CARL BERTHEAU.)

BISLIoaaAPar: H. 8engelmann, Zum Gedfhtnis Johann Wilhelm Rautenberps, Hamburg, 1885; F. A. Lbws, Denk­wurdipkeiten aus dem Leben and Wirken des J. W. Rau­teMerVs, ib. 1888; J. H. Hbek, Birder aus der Geschichte der hamburpiachen Kirche, pp. 323 sqq., ib. 1900; ADB, xxvii. 457 sqq.; P. Lange, Johann WQAdm Plautenberp, Berlin, 1900.

RAUTENSTRAUCH, raulten  stmuH, FRANZ STEPHAN: Austrian Roman Catholic; b. at Plat­ten (14 m. n. of Elbogen), Bohemia, July 26, 1734; d. at Erlau (67 m. n.e. of Budapest), Hungary, Sept. 30, 1785. He entered the Benedictine order at Brewnow, where he taught philosophy, canon law, and theology. After he had been raised by Maria Theresa to the prelacy of the united monasteries of Braunen and Brewnow in 1773, and, in 1774, to the directorship of the theological faculty of Prague and later of Vienna, he prepared his Neue aller­h6chste Instruction f& alle theologiachen FaculWUen in den kaiwrlieh kgniglichen Erblanden (Vienna, 1776), in which he insisted upon the study of the Scriptures in the original, of hermeneutics and of church history, and urged the students not to at­tend lectures on dogmatics before their third year of study; then should follow the practical branches, among which especial stress was laid on cateehetics.

8aymoenad THE NEW SCHAFF HERZOG

408

Polemics should be the last subject, and this should

be so treated that the system of each sect would

first be presented in its entirety and then be re­

futed. Rautenatrauch actively advocated the re­

forms of Joseph II., but was bitterly opposed by

the Jesuits. Among his writings special mention

should be made of his Institutiones juris ecclesias­

Sci (Prague, 1769) and Synopsis juria ecclesiastici

(Vienna, 1776). (J. J. HERZOGt.)

yiamOOHAPHP: C. von Wursbaeh, Biopraphischm Lexicon des Kaiaerthums 0eaterreich, xav. 87 eqq., Vienna, 1858

aqq.; ADB, avii. 459.

RAUVIENHOFF, rau'ven hef, LODEWIJS WILLEM ERNST: Dutch Protestant; b. at Am­sterdam July 27, 1828; d. at Moran (15 m. n.w. of Bozen), Austria, Jan. 26, 1889. He was educated at the universities of Amsterdam and Leyden (1846­1852), and was then minister at Mydiecht (1852­1856), Dort (1856 59), and Leyden (1859 60). In 1860 he was appointed professor of church history at Leyden, a chair which he exchanged in 1881 for that of encyclopedica and the philosophy of relig­ion. The latter position he retained until his death. Theologically Rauwenhoff was a pronounced and optimistic radical, utterly contemptuous of ortho­doxy; but he crystallized the vague tendencies and concepts of the critical school of Dutch theology, instead of himself becoming a pioneer worker and leader. He was thus a natural advocate of the sepa­ration of Church and State and of the purely scien­tific teaching of theology in the universities. His attitude toward church history that the facts of history are valuable only in their philosophic im­plications finds its expression in his Geschiedenis van het Proteatantisme (3 vole., Haarlem, 1865 71), in which he proceeded from authoritative Christian­ity to an individualistic religion made to agree with science and the demands of modern life. The views of Rauwenhoff on the philosophy of religion were set forth in his Wijabegeerte van den godadiertst (Ley­den, 1887). He was also the author of many briefer contributions, one of the founders and editors of the Theologisch Tijdschrift, and for many years a member of the General Synod.

RAVENNA, rd ven'nd: Name of province, city, and archbishopric in northeastern Italy. The city is situated six miles from the Adriatic and seventy­two miles south of Venice. It was a naval station of the Romans under the Empire, and is, next to Rome, the most important city in Italy in connec­tion with the history of Christian art, marking the transition from the early to the medieval from the fifth to the eighth centuries. Under Honorius (402 or 404) it became the seat of empire (402 476) and it was the capital of the Ostrogoth kings after 493 and the seat of the Byzantine exarchs, 539 752. Taken by the Lombards (q.v.) in 752, it was con­quered by Pippin in 755 and presented to the pope. Traditionally, the apostle and first bishop of Ra­venna was Apollinaris, a disciple of Peter (mar­tyred c. 78). After the removal of the neat of em­pire from Rome to Ravenna the bishopric was raised to metropolitan dignity by Valentinian III.; and the first archbishop, according to one tradition, was Johannes Angeloptes, who died in 433. The

sway of the popes over the city, however, did not continue undisputed; the city was more or less de­pendent upon the archbishops and these in turn upon the resident emperors or exarchs. The schis­matic Archbishop Maurus (648 671) rendered him­self independent of the pope and was sustained by Emperor Constana II. For denying the right of consecration he was anathematized and in turn hurled the ban upon the pope. Reparatua (671­677) and Theodorua (677 688) received the pallium from the emperor and were ordained by their auf­fragans. The conflict to maintain a complete inde­pendence of Rome continued in varying degrees until the end of the ninth century; and under Henry III., in 1044, Ravenna became a free imperial city and the archbishop an imperial vassal, with the result of repeated conflicts with the papal see (see PAPAL STATES). The disturbances between the Guelfa and the Ghibellines resulted in a vacancy, 1270 74. Ravenna was again attached to the papal realm after 1509 and 1815 60. The city has besides the cathedral (built 380) twenty one churches. Moat famous are the baptistery of San Giovanni (430) containing the earliest known mosaics and reliefs of the fifth century; the San Nazario a Celao, or the mausoleum of Empress Galls Placida, patroness of church building, containing her huge sarcophagus. It is the earliest example of a vaulted cruciform structure surmounted at the intersection by a lofty dome. An example of the Gothic or Arian period is the San Apollinare Nuovo (504) built as the Arian cathedral. Surpassing all is the Byzantine San Vitals (526 547) commemorating the patron saint and martyr and copied after St. Sophia. An inter­esting and famous monument is the mausoleum of Theodoric the Great, built by himself about 520. It is known as the Rotonda or Santa Maria dells Rotonda. The structure served in the Middle Ages as the church of the neighboring Benedictine monastery, but reverted in 1719 to its purpose as the memorial of the emperor. Here is also the famous tomb of Dante (q.v.) who came to this city in 1320. The present ecclesiastical province includes the auffragan bishoprics of Bertinoro and Soiaina, Cervia, Cesena, Comacchio, Forli, and Rimini.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Hieronymus Rubeus, Hiatoriarum tibri a., Venice, 1572• G. G. Ciampini, Vetera monimenta, 2 vole., Rome, 1890 99; A. F, von Quest, Die•attchristlichere Bauwerke von Ravenna, Berlin, 1842; J. Hare, Cities of Northern and Central Italy, 3 vole., London, 1878; E. Freeman, Historical Essays, 3d aeries, London, 1879; C. Ricci, Cronache a Documents per la Stories Ravennate, Bologna, 1882 idem, Ravenna, Ravenna, 1902; T. Hodg­kin, Italy arid her Invaders, vole., i. iii., Oxford, 1892­1895; C. Diehl, Ravenrte, Paris, 1903; Gams, Series epic coporum, pp. 718 718, and Supplement, p. 5• Muratori, Scnptores, vol. ii (contains the lives of early bishops of Ravenna); RL, s. 820839.

RAVIGNAft, rd"vi"nydn'GUSTAVE FRANgOIS XAVIER DE LA CROIX DE: Roman Catholic; b. at Bayonne Dec. 2, 1795; d. in Paris Feb. 26, 18;.8. He was educated in the Lyc6e Bonaparte; studied law, and had already began practising as an advo 

cate in Paris, when he entered the order of the Jesuits and the Seminary of St. Sulpice. When the Jesuits were expelled from France, in 1830, he re 

paired to Switzerland, and became a teacher at Freiburg; but in 1835 he returned to France, and

40"1 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA 8anwenhof

Raymond

in 1837 he succeeded Lacordaire as preacher of

Notre Dame. He was considered one of the great­

est preachers of his time, vehement in pathos, trench­

ant in irony, audacious but compelling in argument.

In 1848 he retired to his convent on account of ill­

health. He published De l'existence et de L'institute

des jisuites (Paris, 1844; 10th ed., 1901), and Cl&

ment X111. et CUment XIV. (2 vols., 1854).

BIBLIOGRAPHY: A. de Ponlevoy, Vie du R. P. Xavier de

Ravignan, 2 vols., Paris, 1860, Eng. trand., Life of Father

Ravignan, New York, 1869; J. Poujoulat, Le PEre Raviy­

nan, Paris, 1859.

RAWLINSON, rs'lin sun, GEORGE: Church of

England, commentator and orientalist; b. at Chad­

lington (14 m. n.w. of Oxford), Oxfordshire, Nov. 23,

1812; d. at Canterbury Oct. 6,1902. He entered Trin­

ity College, Oxford (B.A., 1838; M.A., Exeter College,

1841); was ordained deacon 1841, and priest 1842;

was fellow of Exeter College, 1840 46; tutor, 1842­

1846; sub rector, 1844 15; curate of Merton, Ox­

fordshire, 1846 17; classical moderator at Oxford,

1852 54; public examiner, 1855 57, 1868 69,

187:r79; Bampton lecturer, 1859; Camden pro­

fessor of ancient history, Oxford, 1861 89; proctor

for the chapter in convocation of Canterbury, 1873­

1898; after 1872 canon of Canterbury; and after

1888 rector of All Hallows, Lombard Street.

His publications were, commentaries on Joshua, I and

II Kings, I and II Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther

(London, 1873), in The Bible (Speaker's) Commentary; on

Exodus (1882) in An Old Testament Commentary by C. J.

Ellicott; and on Exodus (1882), II Kings (1889), Ezra,

Nehemiah, and Esther (1880), Job (1892), Isaiah (1886  87),

and Psalms (1896), in The Pulpit Commentary. He was the

editor of History of Herodotus, with copious notes and ap­

pendices, in collaboration with Henry Rawlinson and J. G.

Wilkinson (4 vols., London, 1858 80; with notes abridged

by A. J. Grant, 2 vols., 1897); The Historical Evidences of

the Truth of the Scripture Records (Bampton lectures for

1859; 1859); The Contrasts of Christianity with Heathen and

Jewish Systems (1861); The Five Great Monarchies of the

Ancient Eastern World (4 vols., 1862 87); The Sixth Great

Oriental Monarchy (1873), The Seventh Great Oriental Mon­

archy (1876), the last three frequently republished and re­

printed collectively under the title The Seven Great Mon­

archies of the Ancient Eastern World; A Manual of Ancient

History (e. g., New York, 1889); Historical Illustrations of the

Old Testament (London, 1871); St. Paul in Damascus and

Arabia (1877); The History of Ancient Egypt (2 vols., 1881);

The Religions of the Ancient World (1882); Egypt and Babylon

from Scripture and Profane Sources (1884); Bible Topog­

raphy (1886); Ancient Egypt (1887); Phamicia (1889), and

Parthia (1893), in The Story of the Nations series; Ancient

History (1887); Moses, His Life and Times (1887), The

Kings of Israel and Judah (1889), Isaac and Jacob (1890),

and Ezra and Nehemiah (1891), in The Men of the Bible

series; and The History of Phanicia (1889).

RAWNSLEY, r6ns'lf, HARDWICKE DRUM­

MOND: Church of England; b. at Henley on­

Thames (23 m. s.e. of Oxford) Sept. 28, 1850. He

was educated at Balliol College, Oxford (B.A., 1875),

and was ordered deacon in 1875 and ordained priest

two years later. He was curate of St. Barnabas,

Bristol (1875 78); vicar of Low Wray, Lancaster­

shire (1878 83); vicar of Crosthwaite, Keswick,

Cumberland (since 1883); and has also been rural

dean of Keswick and honorary canon of Carlisle

since 1893. He has written Book of Bristol Sonnets

(London, 1877); Sonnets at the English Lakes (1881);

Sonnets round the Coast (1887); Edward Thring,

Teacher and Poet (1889); Poems, Ballads, and Bu 

001i,08 (1890); St. Ketuigern. of CrosthwsiU and St.

Herbert of Derwentwater (3d ed., Keswick, 1892); Notes for the Nile: Hymns of Ancient Egypt (1892); Valets Tennyson, and other Poems (1893); Idylls and Lyrics of the Nile (1894); Literary Associations of the English Lakes (2 vols., 1894) ; Ballads of Brave Deeds (1896); Harvey Goodwin, Bishop of Carlisle: A Biographical Memoir (1896); Henry Whitehead, 1826 96: Memorial Sketch (Glasgow, 1897); Say­ings of Jesus: Six Village Sermons on the Papyrus Fragment (1897); Life and Nature at the English Lakes (1899); Sonnets in Switzerland and Italy (Lon­don, 1899); Ballads of the War (1900); Memories of the Tennysons (Glasgow, 1900); Buskin and the English Lakes (1901); A Rambler's Note Book at the English Lakes (1902); Lake Country Sketches (1903); Flower Time in the Oberland (1904); Venerable Bede, his Life and Work (London, 1904) ; Sermons on the Logia (2 series, 1905); Months at the Lakes (1906); A Sonnet Chronicle, 1900 06 (1906); Round the Lake Country (1909); and Poems at Home and Abroad (1909). He also edited a collection of ser­mons under the title of Christ for To Day (London, 1885).