401 religious encyclopedia nationalism

493 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Reformation

the existing state of the Church. They were aided by Lorenz Anderson (q.v.). Gustavus Vasa, who delivered the country from the Danes in 1523, favored Protestantism; and the whole country, in­cluding the bishops, followed his example. In 1527 the Reformation was legalized ; and, in 1593, the Synod of Upsala confirmed and completed the work by adopting the original Augsburg Confession, to the exclusion of every other. Sweden retained the episcopal form of government in the closest union with the State. This country did great service to the cause of Protestantism in Europe through its gallant King Gustavus Adolphus, in the Thirty Years' War. In 1877 complete religious freedom was granted. Denmark became likewise an exclu­sively Lutheran country, with an episcopal form of State church government, under Christian III. The new bishops received presbyterial ordination through Bugenhagen, and are therefore merely su­perintendents, like the bishops in the Evangelical Church of Prussia .* A diet at Copenhagen in 1536 destroyed the political power of the Roman clergy, and divided two thirds of that church's property between the crown and the nobility. The remain­ing third was devoted to the new ecclesiastical or­ganization. From Denmark, the Reformation passed over to Norway, in 1536. The archbishop of Drontheim fled with the treasures of the church to Holland; another bishop resigned; a third Was imprisoned; and the lower clergy were left the choice between exile, and submission to the new order of things, which most of them preferred. Iceland, then subject to Danish rule, likewise submitted to the Danish reform. See DENMARK; NORWAY; and SWEDEN.

9. England: The struggle between the old and the new religion lasted longer in England and Scot­land than on the continent, and continued in sue­cessive shocks down to the end of the seventeenth century; but it left in the end a very strong im­pression upon the character of the nation, and af­fected deeply its political and social institutions. In theology, English Protestantism was dependent upon the continental reform, especially the ideas and principles of Calvin; but it displayed greater political energy and power of organization. It was from the start a political as well as a religious move­ment, and hence it afforded a wider scope to the corrupting influence of selfish ambition and violent passion than the Reformation in Germany and Switzerland; but it passed, also, through severer trials and persecutions. In the English Reforma­tion five periods may be distinguished. The first, from 1527 to 1547, witnessed the abolition of the authority of the Roman papacy under Henry VIII., the culminating deed being the passing of the Act of Supremacy, 1534, making the king " the only head on earth of the church of God called the Anglirann ecclesia." Henry quarreled with the pope on purely personal and selfish grounds, because the latter re­fused consent to his divorce from Catharine of Ara 

*The Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States, after its separate organization, first sought episcopal ordina­tion from Denmark; but, before the negotiations were com­pleted, an act of Parliament was passed, which empowered the Archbishop of Canterbury to ordain bishops for a foreign country.

gon. " The defender of the faith," a title given him by the pope for his defense of the seven sacraments against Luther, remained in doctrine and religious sentiment a Roman Catholic to the end of his life; and at his death the so called " bloody articles "­which enjoined under the severest penalties the dogma of transubstantiation, auricular confession, private masses, and the celibacy of the priesthood  were in full force. He punished with equal sever­ity Protestant as well as Roman Catholic dissenters who dared to doubt his headship of the Church of England. But, while he thus destroyed the power of the pope and of monasticism in England, a far deeper and more important movement went on among the people, under the influence of the re­vived traditions of Wyclif and the Lollards, the writings of the continental Reformers, and chiefly of the English version of the Scriptures (see BIBLE VERsIONs, B, IV., ¢§ 3 4). The second period em­braces the reign of Edward VI., from 1547 to 1553, and marks the positive introduction of the Refor­mation. Its chief ecclesiastical agent, Cranmer, was assisted in the work by Ridley and Latimer (qq.v.), and by several Reformed divines from the continent whom he called to England, especially Butzer (q.v.) of Strasburg, who was elected professor at Cam­bridge, and Peter Martyr of Zurich, for some time professor at Oxford. The most important works of this period and in fact of the whole English Reforma­tion, next to the English version of the Bible, are the Forty two Articles of Religion (subsequently reduced to thirty nine; see THIRTY NINE ARTici.Es), and the Book of Common Prayer (see COMMON PRAYER, BOOK OF).

The third period is the reign of Queen Mary, from 1553 to 1558, and presents the unsuccess­ful attempt of that queen and Cardinal Pole, archbishop of Canterbury, to restore the Roman Catholic religion and the authority of the pope. The papal interim did more to consolidate the Reforma­tion in England than Henry, Edward, and Eliza­beth. Hundreds were martyred in this short reign. Others fled to the continent, especially to Geneva, Zurich, Basel, and Frankfort, where they were hos­pitably received and brought into closer contact with the Reformed churches of Switzerland and Germany. The fourth period is the restoration and permanent establishment of the Anglican Reforma­tion, during the long reign of Elizabeth (1558 1603). The Roman Catholic hierarchy was replaced by a Protestant; and the Articles of Religion, and the Common Prayer Book of the reign of Edward, were introduced again, after revision. The ecclesiastical supremacy of the crown was likewise renewed, but in a modified form; the queen refusing the title " supreme head " of the Church of England, and choosing, in its place, the less objectionable title " supreme governor." The Anglican Church, as established by Elizabeth, was semi Roman Catholic in its form of prelatical government and liturgical worship, a sort of via media between Rome and Geneva. It suited the policy of the court, but 'vas offensive to the severe school of strict Calvinists who had returned from their continental exile. The re­sult was the prolonged conflict between Anglican­ism and Puritanism in the bosom of the English

Reformation

B,eformed Church

THE NEW SCHAFF HERZOG

church. The Acts of Uniformity (am UNIFORMITY, ACTS OF), requiring strict adherence to the letter of the Prayer Book in every particular without omis­sion or addition, embittered the Puritan party and also resulted in a depletion of its numbers. After the defeat of the Armada, some Puritan repre­sentatives were put to death, while others sought religious freedom by fleeing to Holland. The fifth period begins in 1603 with the reign of James I. The unhealthy religious policy of that king and his successor Charles 1. stirred the Puritan spirit of the realm, and the agitation cul­minated in the Westminster Assembly (q.v.), in which Puritanism had a memorable but temporary triumph. Under Charles II. (1660 8b) episcopacy was reestablished. After the final overthrow of the Stuarts, who had adopted Roman Catholicism, the Dissenters secured a limited liberty by the Acts of Toleration of 1689 (see LIBERTY, RELIGIOUS; and ENGLAND, CHURCH OF).

Io. Scotland: The first impulse to the Reforma­tion in Scotland proceeded from Germany and Switzerland. Copies of the writings of the continen­tal Reformers found their way to the far north. Among its first martyrs here were Patrick Hamil­ton and George Wishart (qq.v.), who spent some time on the continent and were condemned to the stake by Archbishop Beaton. The movement was <;arried to a successful 'conclusion under the guid­ance of John Knox (q.v.). The Parliament of 1560 formally introduced the Reformation, and adopted the First Scotch Confession, drawn up by its ap­pointment by Knox, Spottiswoode, Row, and three others, and prohibited, under severe penalties, the exercise of Roman Catholic worship. This con­fession remained the law till the adoption of the Westminster Confession in 1648. In 1561 the first Book of Discipline was issued, and gave the new church a complete Presbyterian organization, cul­minating in a general assembly of ministers and elders. The mode of worship, provided for in the Book of Our Common. Order adopted 1564, was reduced to the greatest simplicity, with a decided predominance of the didactic element. Knox followed closely the model set by the Church of Geneva, which he esteemed " the best school of Christ since the days of the apostles." When the unfortunate Mary Stuart began her reign, in Aug., 1561, she made an attempt to restore the Roman Catholic religion. But her own im­prudence and the determined resistance of Knox and the nation, frustrated her plans. After her flight to England (1568), Protestantism was again declared the only religion of Scotland, and received formal, legal sanction under the regency of Murray. The second period in the Scotch Refor­mation includes the determined conflict between Andrew Melville (q.v.), the champion of presby­tery, and James VI., who was bent upon the over­throw of the Presbyterian forms of government and worship and the introduction of episcopacy after the model in vogue in England.

ii. For Italy, see ITALY, REFORMATION IN.

12. For Spain, see SPAIN, REFORMATION IN.

13. The United States: Protestantism was planted here by the first Protestant emigrants to the

424

various colonies, from the Puritans in New Eng­land to the Dutch,. Swedes, Germans, and French of the Middle colonies, and the Anglican and Hu­guenots of Virginia and the Carolinas. All types of the continental and the English and Scotch Irish Reformations obtained a firm foothold before the close of the seventeenth century.

(PHILIP SCHAFFt.) D. S. SCHAFF.

The general survey of the course of the Refor­mation given above may be supplemented for its details by the accounts given in this work of the lives of the Reformers, greater and lesser, most of whom are mentioned in the text. The article PROT­EsTANTIsm should also be consulted, and such other topics as CHRISTOPHER, DUKE OF WUERTrEMBERG; AUGSBURG CONFESSION AND ITS APOLOGY; AUGS­BURG, RELIGIOUS PEACE OF; HEIDELBERG CATE­CHISM; HUGUENOTS; INNER AUSTRIA; the articles on the various confessions resulting from the Ref­ormation, and on the colloquies and conferences held during its course.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: The chief sources are the writings of the Reformers, named in the articles on them in this work. The reader is also referred to the lists of literature ap­pended to those articles, many of the entries dealing with particular phases of the movement: On the preparation for and principles of the Reformation consult the litera­ture under PROTESTANTISM, and: t. de Bonnechose, R6­formateurs avant la rtforme, 2 vols., Paris, 1844, 2d. ed., 1846, Eng. tranal., Reformers before the Reformation, Edin­burgh, 1851; C. Mlmann, Reformers before the Reforma­tion, 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1874 77; H. Woisley, The Dawn of the English Reformation; its Friends and its Enemies, London, 1890; F. A. Gasquet (Roman Catholic), The Eve of the Reformation, New York, 1901; H. B. Work­man, Dawn of the Reformation, London, 1901; G. Bonet­Maury, Les Pr6cureburs de la r6forme et de la liherN de conscience dons des pays Wins du xii. sickle au xvi. sikde, Paris, 1903; A. O. Meyer, Studien zur Vorgeschichte der Reformation, Munich, 1903; Schaff , Christian Church, v. 2, chap. v.

The General History of the Reformation is treated in the great works on church history, listed in CHURCH HISTORY. For the English reader the best works are: T. M. Lindsay, The Reformation, Edinburgh, 1882; idem, Hist. of tine Reformation, 2 vols., ib. 1906 07; and Cam­bridge Modern History, vol. ii., New York, 1904 (contains elaborate bibliography). Consult further: D. Schenkel, Die Reformatoren and die Reformation, Wiesbaden, 1856; idem, Daa Wesen des Protestantismus, 3 vols., Sehaff­hausen, 1862; M. de Aubign6, Hist. de la reformation, 5 vols., Paris, 1835 53; idem, Hist. de la r6formation au temps de Calvin, 5 vols., ib. 1862 75 (in Eng. transl. m many editions, e.g., the two in 13 vols., New York, 1879). L. HiLusser, Geschichte des Zeitalters der Reformation, Ber­lin, 1868, Eng. transl., The Period of the Reformation, ed. W. Oneken, Edinburgh, 1885; A. R. Pennington, God in the History of the Reformation in Germany and England, and in the Preparation for it, London, 1869; F. Seebohm, Era of the Protestant Revolution, London, 1874; M. J. Spalding (Roman Catholic), Hist. of the Protestant Refor­mation, Baltimore, 1875; K. R. Hagenbach, History of the Reformation, 3 vols., Edinburgh, 1880 81; A. Laugel, La R6forme au xvi. sickle, Paris, 1881; S. A. Swaine, The Religious Revolution, London, 1882; C. Beard, The Refor­mation in its Relation to Modern Thought and Knowledge, London, 1885 (able); H. Schmidt, Handbuch der Symbolik, Berlin, 1890; L. Koenig, Die papstliche Kammer unter Clemens V. and Johann XXIL, Vienna, 1894; J. A. Babington, The Reformation, London, 1901; W. Walker, The Reformation, New York, 1901; B. J. Kidd, The Con­tinental Reformation, London, 1902; A. H. Newman, Manual of Church History, vol. ii., Philadelphia, 1903; J. M. Stone, Reformation and Renaissance, 1377 IB10. London, 1904; C. Beard, The Reformation, London, 1906;

G. P. Fisher, Hist. of the Reformation, New York, 1906; K. van Hase, Handbook of the Controversy with Rome, ed.

J. W. Steane, 2 vols., London, 1906; P. Whitney, The

425 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Reformation

Reformed Church

Reformation; Outline of as Hist. of the Church, 1603 16.¢8,

New York, 1907; J. S. Schapiro, Social Reform and the

Reformation, ib. 1909; H. Wave, Principles of the Refor­

mation, Practical and Historical, London, 1910.

On Germany consult: Schaff, Christian Church, vol. vi

(with rich and well arranged lists of literature); J. Slei­

dan, The General History of the Reformation of the Church

from the Errors and Corruptions of Rome, Begun in Ger­

many by Martin Luther 1617 66. With a Continuation to

the Council of Trent 166.2, by E. Bohun, London, 1089;

P. Marheinecke, Geschichte der teutschen Reformation, 4

vols.. Berlin, 1831 (excellent, popular); C. P. Krauth, The

Conservative Reformation, Philadelphia, 1872; A. Sehmel­

zer, Die deutsche Reformation, Meraeburgh, 1883; L. Keller,

Die Reformation and die alteren Reformparteien, Leipsic,

1885; C. Beard, Martin Luther and the Reformation in

Germany until the Close of the Diet of Worms, ed. J. F.

Smith, London, 1889; F. yon Bezold, Geschichte der

deutsehen Reformation, Berlin, 1890; J. P. Edmond, Cata­

logue of a Collection of Fifteen Hundred Tracts by M.

Luther and his Contemporaries, London, 1903; W. Frie­

denaburg, Archiv far Reformationspeschichte, Berlin, 1903;

L. yon Ranke, History of the Reformation in Germany,

translated by S. Austin, London, 1905; W. Walther, Far

Luther wider Rom, Halle, 1900; F. Thudiehum, Die deutsche

Reformation 1617 37, vols. i. ii., 1617 8'J, Leipsie, 1907­

1909.

On Switzerland consult: Schaff, Christian Church, vol. vii (with selected lists of literature); A. Ruchat, Hist. de la rkformation de la Suisse, 7 vole., Paris, 1835 38; A. L. Herminjard, Correspondance des r6formateurs, 9 vols., Geneva, 1888 97; Archiv fur die achweizerische Reforma­tiona Geschichte, Freiburg, 1889 sqq.; J. Strickler, Acten­saramlung zur achweizeriachen Rerormalionageschichte, 5 vols., Zurich, 1878 84; E. Egli, Actensammlung zur Ge­achichte der Z11rcher Reformation, Zurich, 1879; Berner Beitrnge zur Geschichte der schweizerischen Reformations­kirchen, Bern, 1884; E. Issel, Die Reformation in Kon­stanz, Freiburg, 1898. Consult also A. Piaget~ Documents inMita our la rbformation dans Is pays de NeuchBEd, Neu­chitel, 1909.

For France the literature is given under FRANCE; and HUGUENOTS. For the Netherlands the literature is given under HOLLAND; REFORMED CHURCHES. Consult further: G. Brandt, The History of the Reformation in and about the Low Countries; from the Beginning of the Eighth Century down to the Great Synod of Dort, 4 vole., London, 1720; D. van Pelt, A Church and her Martyrs, Philadel­phia, 1889. For Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland, the literature is in part given under AUSTRIA; BOHEMIAN BRETHREN. Consult further: V. Krasinski, Sketch of the Religious History of the Slavonic Nations. Bohemia, Edin­burgh, 1851; idem, Historical Sketch of the Reformation in Poland, 2 vole., London, 1840; F. Palacky, Geschichte yon Bahmen, 4 vols., Prague, 1864; O. Koniecki, Geschichle der Reformation in Polen, 2 vols., Breslau, 1872.

Literature on Scandinavia will be found under DEN­MARK; NORWAY; and SWEDEN. Consult further: L. A. Anjou, History of the Reformation in Sweden, New York, 1859; C. M. Butler, The Reformation in Sweden, New York, 1883; R. T. Nissen, De nordiske Kirkers Historie, Christi­ania, 1884; A. 1?. Bang, Den norske Kirkes Historic, 1636­1600, Christiania, 1895; T. B. Willson, Hist. of Church and State in Norway, London, 1903.

For England and Scotland, besides the literature under ENGLAND, CHURCH OF; and PRESBYTERIANS, Consult: G. Burnet, Hist. of the Reformation, ed. Pocock, 7 vols., Oxford, 1885; P. Heylyn, Ecclesia Reataurata; or, The History ofthe Reformation of the Church ofEngland, with the Life of the Author, by J. Barnard, ed. J. C. Robertson, 2 vols., London, 1849; H. Soames, Hiat. of the Reformation of the Church of England, 4 vols., London, 1826 27; C. Geikie, The English Reformation. How it came about, and why we should uphold it, New York, 1879; J. H. Blunt, The Reformation of the Church of England: its History, Prin­ciples and Results (A.D. 1614, b7), London, 1882; W. Fitzgerald, Lectures on Ecclesiastical History, Including the Origin and Progress of the English Reformation from Wickliffe to the Great Rebellion, ed., W. Fitzgerald and J. Quarry. With memoir of author's life and writings, 2 vole., London, 1885; S. R. Maitland, Essays Connected with the Reformation in England, New York, 1889; G. Cooke, History of the Reformation in Scotland; with an introdxuxory Book, and an Appendix, 3 vols., London,

1819; W. M. Hetherington, History of the Church of Scot­land, from the Introduction of Christianity to the Period of the Disruption, May 18, 184,8, 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1853, P. Lorimer, The Scottish Reformation. A Historical Sketch, London and Glasgow, 1860; W. Maccoll, The Ref­ormation Settlement, London, 1901; F. W. Maitland, The Anglican Settlement and the Scottish Reformation, London, 1902; D. Hay Fleming, The Reformation in Scotland. Its Causes, Characteristics, and Consequences, ib. 1910.

REFORMATION, CELEBRATION OF. See FEASTS AND FESTIVALS, II., § 3.

REFORMED CATHOLICS: A small body origi­nating in New York City about 1879. Priests of the Church of Rome, who had left that communion, formed a few congregations, chiefly in New York, and began evangelistic work on a Protestant basis of belief. The leader of the movement is Rev. James A. O'Connor, the editor of The Converted Catholic, New York City, which protests against features of the Roman system of doctrine, govern­ment, discipline, and practise, and teaches Protes­tant doctrine as understood by the Evangelical churches. Opposition to the sacramental system of the Roman Catholic Church is a pronounced feature of this body. The salvation of the believer is not dependent on his relation to the Church, but comes directly from Christ. Hence, there is no need of intermediaries or other mediators. All can come directly to God by faith in Christ, the only high priest. The Holy Spirit is the only teaching power in the Church. There are six churches, eight ministers, and about 2,000 communicants.

H. K. CARROLL.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: H. K. Carroll, Religious Forces of the United Stales, pp. 82 83, New York, 1896.

REFORMED CHRISTIAN CHURCH. See PRES­BYTERIANS, VIII., 1, § 1.
REFORMED CHURCH IN AMERICA. See REFORMED (DUTCH) CHURCH, II.

REFORMED CHURCH, CHRISTIAN: A de­nomination which originated in Michigan in 1857 when four congregations led by Rev. K. Vanden­Bosch withdrew from the Reformed (Dutch) Church (q.v.) with which the Hollanders who had settled in western Michigan in 1847 had united in 1849. This withdrawal was caused by dissatisfaction with the teaching and practise of the Reformed Church. The True Holland Reformed Church, as the new denomination was called, increased but slowly and not without struggling until 1882, when it received a welcome accession of half a dozen Michigan con­gregations which had left the Reformed Church be­cause of the refusal of its general synod to legislate against freemasonry. In 1890 the True Reformed Dutch Church located in New Jersey and New York united with the Christian Reformed Church. This body had left the Reformed Church in 1822 claim­ing it had become corrupt in doctrine and discipline (see REFORMED [DUTCH] CHURCH, II., 7). However, while the Christian Reformed Church (so named since 1890) originated in these secessions from the Reformed Church, the great majority of its mem­bership never belonged to that denomination, but joined after the separations alluded to had occurred, coming direct from the Netherlands,

Reformed Church 'HE NEW SCHAFV HERZOG 428

Reformed (Dutch) Church

almost exclusively from the " Christian Reformed

Church " (now " Reformed Churches ") of Hol­

land (q.v.).

Largely because of the strong emigration tide the

Christian Reformed Church in America has increased

very rapidly during the last two or three decades.

From a mere handful of members in Michigah in 1857,

it has grown into a denomination numbering, in 1910,

75,905 souls, nearly 29,000 communicants, and 193

congregations, located in nearly every one of the

northern states of the Union, from ocean to ocean.

In Canada also a foothold has been obtained. The

church is the strongest in Michigan, Iowa, Illinois,

and New Jersey. In Grand Rapids, Mich., its theo­

logical seminary and John Calvin College is located,

numbering 200 students and 12 professors. This

institution, started on a small scale in 1876, trained

nearly all of the 140 Christian Reformed ministers

now in active service. Over half a dozen of them

labor in home mission work, chiefly among the

scattered Hollanders in the United States. Mission

work is carried on also among the Navaho and Zuni

Indians in New Mexico. Rehoboth, near Gallup,

N. M., is the principal station. The Chicago He­

brew Mission is largely supported by this denom­

ination. Most of the congregations as yet speak

Dutch; half a dozen, German; about twenty use

the English language exclusively, in public wor­

ship. The Psalms constitute the chief manual of

praise. The Banner, founded in 1866 and now pub­

lished in Grand Rapids, Mich., is the American

weekly devoted to the church and its principles.

The standards are the Belgic Confession, Heidel­

berg Catechism, and Canons of Dort, and to these

loyal adherence is given. Members of secret socie­ties are excluded. The government is presbyterial, based on the constitution of Dort, 1618 19. In so­cordance therewith each congregation is ruled by a consistory composed of elders and deacons, pre­sided over by the pastor. Representatives of these in a given district form a classia, meeting from two to four times each year. Six delegates from each claasis (at present there are twelve of these bodies) meet biennially as a synod. This synod, the high­est church court, maintains fraternal relations with the stricter Calvinistic churches of America, Europe, and South Africa. The Christian Reformed Church lays much stress on catechetical instruction and house to house visitation, and favors Christian primary schools. Nearly all congregations main­tain Sunday schools and young people's societies.

HENRY BEETS.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Ada and Proceedings of the Claesia and General Synod of the True Reformed Protestant Dutch Church (1822 88); B. C. Taylor, Annals, Clasaia of Bergen, New York, 1857; Notulen, Chr. Geref. %erk, 1857 1910; Brochure der Ware Hall. Geref. %erk, Holland, Mich., 1869; F. Hulst, Zamenspraak, Holland, Mich., 1874; G. $. Hemkes, RHoll. Chr. Geref. %erk, Grand Rapids, Mich., 1893; H. Vander Werp, Outlines of the His­tory of the Christian Reformed Church, Holland, Mich., 1898; H. Beets, articles on Dr. S. Froeligh and Rbv. K. Vanden Bosch in Geref. Amerikaan, 1900 02; idem, in Journal of Presbyterian Hid. Society, Mar., 1907, and especially in Gedenkbosk roan hd Viftipjarip Jubileum der Chriatdijke Gereformeerds %erk,1867 1907, Grand Rapids, Mich., 1907.

REFORMED CISTERCIANS. See TRAPpisTs.

REFORMED COVENANTED PRESBYTERIANS. See PREsBYTERIANs, VIII., 10.

REFORMED (DUTCH) CHURCH.

I. In the Netherlands.

Events Prior to the Synod of Em­den (§ 1).

The Synod of Emden (§ 2).

Results of Expulsion of the Span­ish (¢ 3).

Struggles Between Reformed and Roman Catholics (¢ 4).

Final Organization ($ 5). II. In America.

1. The Background.

2. First Period, 1628 4.

3. Second Period, 1664 1708.

Results of English Conquest (¢ 1).

Attempts to Impose Anglican Church (§ 2).

4. Third Period, 1708 47.

5. Fourth Period, 17,47 92.

6. Fifth Period, the Independent American Church 1792 1909.

The Constitution (§ 1).

Ecclesiastical Bodies; New Growth (§ 2).

Educational Institutions (1 3).

I. In the Netherlands: The establishment of the

Reformed Church in the Netherlands was gradually

brought about despite every effort of the Roman

Catholic Church to prevent it. Though for a time

it seemed that sacramentarians and

r. Events Anabaptists were destined to gain con­

Prior to the trol, before long Reformed tenets made

Synod of headway, and the triumph of Calvin­

Emden. ism was assured. This was the condi­

tion of affairs as early as 1567, when

the duke of Alva was sent to the Netherlands for

the extirpation of heresy. The stern measure;

adopted by him rendered even secret assemblies of

the Protestants full of peril, and the exodus of ad­

herents of the new doctrines rapidly increased. Eng­

land and France afforded harbors to the refugees, but

their chief centers were the important cities of Em 

7. The True Reformed Church. III. In South Africa.

1. Dutch Reformed Church in Cape Colony.

2. Dutch Reformed Church in the Orange Free State.

3. United Dutch Reformed Church in Transvaal.

4. Dutch Reformed Church of Natal.

5. Reformed Church in South Africa.

6. " Hervormde " Church of Trans­vaal.

den, Wesel, Cologne, Aachen, Frankenthal, and Frankfort. The need of organization was strongly felt, and in 1571 the foundation was laid for a defi­nite ecclesiastical system by the synod held at Emden, which marks the beginning of the Reformed Church in the Netherlands. But before this, by the creation of consistories there had been expressed the conviction that the members of each local body formed an organic whole, and provincial synods were established to bring the churches in different localities into closer union. This was perceived to be inadequate, and there developed s dire for more definite organization and for a formal state­ment of the unity in doctrine already .prevailing. On Nov. 3, 1568, about forty preachers and elders met at Wesel, apparently under the presidency of Petrus Dathenus, to draw up a tentative church