Pert, C. B.; Dreher, H. E. et al. “The psychosomatic network: foundations of mind-body medicine”, Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine
n°4 (1998): 30-41.
Capítulo 9: A revolução na nutrição: os ácidos graxos Ômega-3 alimentam o cérebro emocional
Bâgedahl-Strindlund, M.; Monsen Bõrjesson, K. “Postnatal depression: a hidden illness”, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 98 (1998): 272-275.
. Hibbeln, J. R. “Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in depression and related conditions”, Phospholipid spectrum disorder. Peet, M.; Glen, I.; Horrobin, D. (Lancashire, U.K.: Marius Press, 1999), 195-210.
Hornstra, G.; Al, M. et al. “Essential fatty acids in pregnancy and early human development”, European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology 61, n° 1 (1995): 57-62; Al, M., Van Houwelingen, A. C. et al. “Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, pregnancy, and pregnan- cy outcome”, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71 (2000): 285S-291S.
Hibbeln, J. “Fish consumption and major depression”, The Lancet 351 (1998): 1213.
Barton, R G.; Gunstone, F. D. “Hydrocarbon chain packing and molecular motion in phospholipid bilayers formed from unsaturated lecithin”, Journal of Biological Chemistry 250 (1975): 4470-4476; Sperling, R. I.; . Benincaso, A. I. et al. “Dietary Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit phosphoinositide formation and chemotaxis in neutrophils”, Journal of Clinical Investigation 91 (1993): 651-660.
Bourre, J. M.; Bonneil, M. et al. “Function of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in the nervous system”, Prostaglandins Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids 48, n° 1 (1993): 5-15.
Frances, H.; Drai, P. et al. “Nutritional (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids influence the behavioral responses to positive events in mice”, Neuroscience Letters 285, n° 3 (2000): 223-227.
Bang, H. O.; Dyerberg, J. et al. “The composition of foods consumed by Greenland Eskimos”, Acta Medica Scandinavica 200 (1976): 69-73.
Isso diz respeito sobretudo à dopamina, o neurotransmissor responsável pela euforia e a oscilação de energia associada com a cocaína e as anfeta- minas. Chalon, S.; Delion-Vancassel, S. et al. “Dietary fish oil affects monoaminergic neurotransmission and behavior in rats”, Journal ofNu- trition 128 (1998): 2512-2519.
Olsen, S. F.; Secher, N.J. “Low consumption of seafood in early pregnancy as a risk factor for preterm delivery: prospective cohort study”, British Medical Journal 324 (2002): 447-451.
Naturalmente, a diferença de QI pode ser explicada também por outros fatores, como uma melhor conexão com a criança entre mães que amamentaram por períodos mais longos etc. Contudo, há um consenso entre os pesquisadores acerca da importância do adequado fornecimento do Ômega-3 para o desenvolvimento do cérebro em recém-nascidos. Mor- tensen, E. L.; Michaelsen, K. F. et al. “The association between duration of breastfeeding and adult intelligence”, Journal of the American Medical Association 287 (2002): 2365-2371.
Hibbeln, J. “Seafood consumption, the DHA content of mothers' milk and prevalence rates of postpartum depression: a cross-national, ecological analysis”, Journal of Affective Disorders 69 (2002): 15-29.
Stoll, A. L.; Severus, W. E. et al. “Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial”, Archives of General Psychiatry 56 (1999): 407-412.
Stoll, A. L. The Omega-3 connection: the ground breaking Omega-3 antidepression diet and brain program (Nova York: Simon & Schuster, 2001).
Um estudo preliminar sobre os efeitos do extrato de óleo purificado de peixe no estágio 3 da doença de Huntington - que vem a ser o estágio mais avançado da doença - mostra melhora nos sintomas após alguns meses em comparação com o grupo a que estava sendo administrado um placebo de óleo de oliva. Foi também demonstrada a reconstrução do tecido cortical em oposição à destruição do córtex no grupo de controle,
o que sugere uma inversão do processo patológico no cérebro concernente à doença.
Zanarini, M.; Frankenburg, F. R. "Omega-3 fatty acid treatment of women with borderline personality disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study", American Journal of Psychiatry 160 (2003): 167-169.
Maes, M.; Smith, R. et al. "Fatty acid composition in major depression: decreased w3 fractions in cholesteryl esters and increased C20:4 Omega 6/C20:5 Omega 3 ratio in cholesteryl esters and phospholipids", Journal of Affective Disorders 38 (1996): 35-46; Peet, M.; Murphy, B. et al. "Depletion of Omega-3 fatty acid levels in red blood cell membranes of depressive patient", Biological Psychiatry 43, n°5 (1998): 315-319.
Adams, P B.; Lawson, S. et al. "Arachidonic acid to eicosapentanoic acid ratio in blood correlates positively with clinical symptoms of depression", Lipids 31 (1996): S157-S161.
Edwards, R.; Peet, M. et al. "Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in the diet and in red blood cell membranes of depressed patients", Journal of Affective Disorders 48, n°2-3 (1998): 149-155.
Tanskanen, A.; Hibbeln, J. et al. "Fish consumption, depression, and suicidality in a general population", Archives of General Psychiatry 58 (2001): 512-513.
Tiemeier, H.; Van Tuijl, H. et al. "Plasma fatty acid composition and depression are associated in the elderly: the Rotterdam study", American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78 (2003): 40-46.
Chamberlain, J. "The possible role of long-chain, Omega-3 Fatty acids in human brain phylogeny", Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 39, n° 3 (1996): 436-445; Broadhurst, C.; Cunnane, S. et al. "Rift valley lake fish and shellfish provided brain-specific nutrition for early homo", British Journal of Nutrition 79, n° 1 (1998): 3-21.
Stoll, A. L.; Locke, C. A. "Omega-3 fatty acids in mood disorders: a review of neurobiologic and clinical applications", Natural medications for psychiatric disorders: considering the alternatives. Mischoulon, D.; Rosenbaum, J. (Filadélfia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002), 13-34.
Tomei emprestada esta metáfora de Jeanette Settle. Settle, J. E. "Diet and essential fatty acids", Handbook of complementary and alternative therapies in mental health. Shannon, S. (San Diego: Academic Press, 2001) 93-113.
Weissman, M. W.; Bland, R. et al. “Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder”, Journal of the American Medical Associa- tion 276 (1996): 293-296; Hibbeln,J. (1998).
Stordy, B.; Nichol, M. The LCP solution: the remarkable nutritional treatment for ADHD, dyslexia, and dyspraxia (Nova York: Ballantine Books, 2000).
Klerman, G. L.; Weissman, M. M. “Increasing rates of depression”, Jour- nalof the American Medical Association 261, n° 15 (1989): 2229-2235.
Endres, S.; Ghorbani, R. et al. “The effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the synthesis of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by mononuclear cells”, New England Journal of Medicine 320, n° 5 (1989): 265-271; Simopoulos, A.”Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases”, Journal of the American College of Nutrition 21, n° 6 (2002): 495-505; Stoll, A. L.; Locke, C. A. “Omega-3 fatty acids in mood disorders: a review of neurobiologic and clinical applications”, Natural Medications for Psychiatric Disorders: Considering the Alternatives. Mischoulon, D.; Rosenbaum, J. (Filadélfia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002), 13-34.
Rudin, D. O. “The dominant diseases of modernized societies as Omega-
essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome”, Medical Hypotheses 8 (1982): 17-47; Simopoulos, A. R; Robinson, J. The Omega diet (Nova York: Harper Collins, 1998).
Liu, K.; Stamler, J. et al. “Dietary lipids, sugar, fiber, and mortality from coronary heart disease—bivariate analysis of international data”, Atherosclerosis2 (1998): 221-227.
Weissman, M. W.; Bland, R. et al. “Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder”, Journal of the American Medical Association 276 (1996): 293-296.
De Lorgeril, M.; Renaud, S. et al. “Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease”, The Lancet 343(1994): 1454-1459.
Christensen, J. H.; Schmidt, E. B. “N-3 fatty acids and the risk of sudden cardiac death”, Lipids 36 (2001): SI 15-118; Leaf, A. “Electrophysiologic basis for the antiarrhythmic and anticonvulsant effects of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids”, World Review of Nutrition & Dietetics 88 (2001): 72-78; Brouwer, I. A.; Zock, P. L. et al. “Association between n-3 fatty acid status in blood and electrocardiographic predictors of arrhythmia risk in healthy volunteers”, American Journal of Cardiology 89, n° 5 (2002): 629-631.
Smith, R. S. “The macrophage theory of depression”, Medical Hypotheses 35 (1991): 298-306; Maes, M.; Smith, R. S. “Fatty acids, cytokines, and major depression”, Biological Psychiatry 43 (1998): 313-314.
Crawford, M. A. “Fatty-acid ratios in free-living and domestic animals”. The Lancet (1968): 1329-1333; Crawford, M. A.; Gale, M. M. et al. “The polyenoic acids and their elongation products in the muscle tissue of Phacochoerus Aethiopicus: a re-evaluation of animal fat", Journal of Biochemistry 114 (1969): 68P; Crawford, M. A.; Gale, M. M. et al. “Linoleic acid and linolenic acid elongation products in the muscle tissue of Syncerus caffer and other ruminant species”, Journal of Biochemistry 115 (1969): 25-27.
Simopoulos, A. R; Salem, N. “Omega-3 fatty acids in eggs from range-fed greek chickens”, New England Journal of Medicine (1989): 1412.
Renaud, S.; Ciavatti, M. et al. “Protective effects of dietary calcium and magnesium on platelet function and atherosclerosis in rabbits fed saturated fat”, Atherosclerosis 47 (1983): 189-198.
Simopoulos, A. P.; Robinson, J. The Omega diet (1998), op. cit.
Weill, P. et al. “Enriching diets with Omega-3 fatty acid: impact of various sources”, Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases (no prelo).
Marangell, L.; Martinez, J. et al. “A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the Omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the treatment of major depression”, American Journal of Psychiatry 160, n° 5 (2003): 996-998.
Há muito que a ingestão diária de vitaminas é desprezada pela medicina convencional. Mas recentemente elas voltaram à tona de forma significativa com a publicação de algumas conclusões de um grupo de experts no Journal of the American Medical Association. Após reverem um amplo número de estudos, os preeminentes autores do artigo foram forçados a admitir que a ingestão diária de vitaminas (sobretudo as vitaminas B, E, C e D) reduz o risco de doenças crônicas e enfermidades sérias. Fletcher, R.
; Fairfield, K. M. “Vitamins for chronic disease prevention in adults: clinical applications”, Journal of the American Medical Association 287, n° 23 (2002): 3127-3129.
Stoll, A. L. The Omega-3 connection (Nova York: Simon & Schuster, 2001).
Baillie, R. A.; Takada, R. et al. “Coordinate induction of peroxisomal acyl-coa oxidase and UCP-3 by dietary fish oil: a mechanism for decreased body fat deposition”, Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids 60, n° 5-6 (1999): 351-356.
Kris-Etherton, P. M.; Harris, W. S. et al. “AHA scientific statement: fish consumption, fish oil, Omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease”, Circulation 106 (2002): 2747-2757.
Capítulo 10: Mais exercício e menos antidepressivo
McDonald, D. G.; Hogdon, J. A. The psychological effects of aerobic fitness training: research and theory (Nova York: Springer-Verlag, 1991); Long, B. C.; Van Stavel, R. “Effects of exercise training on anxiety. A meta-analy-
