Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

in obtaining firewood because of distances and time taken to collect it.

Firewood consumption is location specific and firewood is used mainly for food

preparation, often together with cow dung and paraffin. The majority of

households purchase paraffin and firewood to the extent of 15% of total income.

Woodlots were perceived as a lower basic need priority than clean water

supplies, job opportunities, health facilities and schools. Future woodlot,

agroforestry and energy programmes should be planned with local communities as

part of an integrated rural development programme.

Ref ID : 1339

444. Bembridge, T.J. Part 111production and development. Livestock in the

communal grazing areas. 1990.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : COMMUNAL AREA; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; SOUTHERN AFRICA; LIVESTOCK

PRODUCTION

Notes : Approximately two-thirds of the world's domesticated ruminants are found

in the less developed countries, many of which are run on communal grazing

lands. These countries collectively produce only one third of the world's

ruminant meat and one-fifth of the milk. In southern and central Africa the

efficiency gap between commercial farming and traditional communal areas is even

greater. Low levels of ruminant production from communal grazing areas is

frequently a consequence of low levels of nutrition. Low productivity leads to

low efficiency; the efficiency of ruminant meat and milk production in

developing countires is only a quarter of that in developed commercial farming

areas. Eighty four % of the communcal land (CL) areas have a potential only for

grazing. Livestock is therefore a major and vital resource component of

agricultural production in the developing CL areas of southern Africa. Yet

livestock production contributes comparatively little to the cash economy. The

relative importance of potential livestock production in the commercial and

developing areas is illustrated by the fact that 41% of the cattle; 60% of the

goats and 11% of the sheep are run in the developing areas of southern Africa.

The developing communal areas comprise 14% of agricultural land and support one

third of the livestock units. Increasing pressure on the land has resulted in

deterioration of the environment and low levels of nutrition, resulting in low

levels of animal production.

Ref ID : 390

445. Bembridge, T.J. The practice of agricultural extension: A training manual,

Johannesburg:Development Bank of Southern Africa, 1991.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

Ref ID : 2414

446. Bembridge, T.J. Technology transfer in smallscale dryland crop production:

future challenges. Development Southern Africa 8(1), 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : TRANSKEI; POVERTY; POPULATION; GENDER ASPECTS; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS;

FARMING SYSTEMS; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

Notes : The purpose of the characteristic crop farmers, sources of farming

information, the diffusion and adoption of important maize-growing practices and

innovativeness. The other purpose was to suggest strategies for more effective

technology transfer. Data collection was done through personal interviews and

field observations during the 1988/1989 season from a typical village

(administrative area) in the Libode and Tsolo areas of Transkei. Random samples

comprising 60 respondents constituted 20% of crop farmers in each village. It

was found from the study that two-thirds of maize growers were women; 30% of

producers were over 60 years of age. Twenty percent were illiterate and 50 -

60% were living in varying states of poverty. There was insufficent contact and

intensity of contact with all sources of farming information. The 'trickle

down' effect from progressive to less progressive farmers has been unsuccessful.

Less than half of the farmers were implementing practices according to proven

recommendations. This was related to lack of knowledge. Most farmers did not

realise that all practices were interrelated, resulting in below-optimum yields.

The farming population was not homogeneous relative to farming practices, and

technology has been developed to suit the more progressive farmers. The author

strongly recommended that future technology transfer strategies should be based

on a targeted approach to reach both progressive and low-access and resource-

poor farmers. This article is obtainable from the Document Centre, Agriculture,

UFH. See ref. I.D. no: 2339.

Ref ID : 391

447. Bembridge, T.J. Practical guidelines for agricultural extension workers: A

field manual, Johannesburg:Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA), 1991.pp.

5-72.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION; SOUTHERN AFRICA; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

Notes : Agricultural extension services operate in all the developing areas of

southern Africa and are a basic tool in government programmes and projects to

bring about changes in agricultural production and raise rural living standards.

These services are responsible for co-operation with researchers, farmers and

farmer organisations, and for planning and implementing programmes and projects

of agricultural change within local environments.

Ref ID : 122

448. Bembridge, T.J., Coleman, M., and Lategan, F.S. Rural household energy in

selected developing areas with special reference to the use of dung.Anonymous

Pretoria, South Africa:Chief Directorate: Energy. :i-80, 1992. The study was

concerned with household energy use in developing areas, with particular

reference to the use of cow dung. Energy consumption patterns were function of

socio-economic status, and tended to be situation specific. Woodfuel was the

predominant energy used, with paraffin and dung as the most important

substitutes. Although the use of dung for manure was widespread, the quantities

applied were too low for economic responses. Because of other limiting factors,

the general use of dung for fuel instead of manure did not have and immediate

impact on agricultural production. Future energy strategies should be seen as

part of rural development interventions.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ENERGY; COMMUNAL AREA; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; RURAL DEVELOPMENT;

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION; CISKEI

Notes : This report was prepared for the Chief Directorate Energy by the

Department of Agricultural Extension, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag

X1314, Alice, Republic of Ciskei.

Ref ID : 123

449. Bembridge, T.J., Steyn, G.J., and Tuswa, N. Present utilization of land:

field crops of the Amatola Basin.Anonymous Ciskei:ARDRI, University of Fort

Hare. :i-97, 1982.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : CISKEI; EASTERN CAPE; COMMUNAL AREA; CULTIVATION; LAND USE; RURAL

DEVELOPMENT; CLIMATE

Notes : This investigation was commissioned by the Agricultural and Rural

Development Research Institute in June, 1980. The aim of the study is to

provide a bench-mark of the field husbandry situation in the Amatola Basin for

purposes of land utilization, planning and for educational and evaluation

purposes. Inevitably such investigation overlaps other surveys which have been

commissioned; for example, soils, climate and socio-economic situation are

pertinent. The findings of these studies will not be repeated here, but will be

referred to wherever necessary in order to orient the reader.

Ref ID : 2361

450. Bembridge, T.J. and Tarlton, J.E. Ciskei woodlot survey and woodfuels. This

is a technical report (FRD/CSIR), obtainable from the documentation centre,

agriculture (UFH).Anonymous , 1988.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CISKEI; AGROFORESTRY; ENERGY; PRODUCTION POTENTIAL; RURAL

DEVELOPMENT; METHODOLOGIES; WATER QUALITY; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS

Notes : The main objectives of the study were to determine the physical

potential to woodfuel plantation, evaluate present management levels and

distribution of existing woodlots, the use of woodfuel and other resources of

rural committees, their attitudes to woodlots and potential for agroforestry.

The method used for the study was a descriptive survey, where information was

collected through the use of a questionnaire, which facilitated the interviewing

process. The study revealed that there is a large amount of woodfuel in the

Ciskei. The establishment of woodlots was seen as a lower basic need lower, for

example, than the need for clean accessible water supply, the creation of job

opportunities and other services. The time taken by farm members in collecting

fuel affects all the productive function of the household. See ref. I.D. no:

2339.

Ref ID : 1405

451. Bembridge, T.J. and Tarlton, J.E. Woodfuel in Ciskei: A headload study.

South African Forestry Journal 154:88-93, 1990.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : CISKEI; COMMUNAL AREA; DEFORESTATION; ENERGY; EASTERN CAPE; FIRE

Abstract : On average rural women spend over two hours collecting firewood

headloads of 24 kg air-dry mass comprising approximately 28 pieces of 2,40 m

length with a diameter of 44 mm and a mass of 862 g. The number of headloads

averaged over five per week and average per capita consumption of fiewood was

1,14 tons. Women have good local knowledge of tree species collected for

firewood. Acacia Karoo was the most favoured species. The open fire is used

for cooking two to three meals a day. Paraffin was the most favoured

alternative fuel. Patterns of woodfuel usage are location specific and vary

widely. Research is needed into the multiple use of woody vegetation, as well as

appropriate means of conserving woodfuel.

Ref ID : 1638

452. Bendali, F., Floret, C., Le Foc'h, E., and Pontanier, R. The dynamics of

vegetation and sand mobility in arid regions of Tunisia. Journal of Environments

18:21-32, 1990.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : VEGETATION DYNAMICS; SOIL PROPERTIES

Notes : This work, carried out in the pre-Saharan region of Tunisia, was

designed to investigate the changing characteristics of sandy steppe during its

progressive invasion by wind-borne sand from disturbed neighbouring zones

(regressive evolution). In addition, the development of the vegetation in such

regions arfter the disturbance had ceased has been determined (progressive

evolution). The method consisted of studying differences in the main perennial

species in the presence of mobile sand, in order to establish whether these

species show special adaptations to the mobility of the sand and their role in

sand fixation. Only two species show ability to tolerate sand accumulation and

are thereby able to fix dirfting sand these are Rhanterium sauveolens Desf. and

Aristida pungens Desf. The most effective mode of resistance to sand mobility

(accumulation and deflation) appears to be a change in the vegetative growth,

i.e. the formation of adventitious roots in the accumulated sand and the

development of aerial structures at a level corresponding with the new soil

surface.

Ref ID : 1918

453. Bennett, H. Soil conservation, New York:McGraw-Hill, 1938.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL CONSERVATION; CONSERVATION

Ref ID : 274

454. Bennett, H.H. Soil erosion and land use in the Union of South

Africa.Anonymous Pretoria:Department of Agriculture and Forestry. :7-28, 1945.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; LAND USE; LAND DEGRADATION; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT;

STOCKING RATE; EROSION

Notes : This study of SA conditions of soil erosion and land use covers two

principal objectives: (1) familiarization with conditions through field

observations and examinations carried out in sufficient detail to offer

suggestions, based principally on American experience, as to possible

improvements in practical methods of anti-erosion operations and better land

use; and (2) to gain information based on local experience for use in SA.

Ref ID : 2567

455. Bergslid, I.K. and Roland, K.M. A comparative study on tropical

adaptibility between Bonsmara and N'guni cattle, Eastern Cape, South Africa.

1999.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; CISKEI; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION

Notes : The purpose of the study was to conduct a comparative study on the

physiological adaptability between indigenous cattle breed N'guni and improved

cattle breed Bonsmara. The research was based on information gathered from the

N'guni and Bonsmara herd at the University of Fort Hare research farm. A tick

count was conducted on 14 Bonsmara and 15 N'guni bulls. The result from the

study showed signficant differences (p<0.001) in the production parameters

(birth weight, average daily gain and mother weight at weaning). The health

parameters (tick borne disease, and feet and eye problems) gave signficant

differences (p<0.05). Fertility parameters did not show any significant

difference. The study revealed that it is important to have knowledge about the

suitabilty of different breeds of cattle in different production systems. This

way the available resources will be utilised in a more efficient and sustainable

way. This masters thesis is obtainable from the Document Centre, Agriculture,

University of Fort Hare. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 429

456. Berjak, M., Fincham, R., Liggit, B., and Watson, H. Temporal and spatial

dimensions of gully erosion in northern Natal, South Africa. Proceedings of a

symposium held by Commission IV of the International Society for Photogrammetry

and Remote Sensing and the Remote Sensing Society in Pollock Halls, Edinburgh,

Scotland, 8-12 September 1986. Mapping from Modern Imagery 26(4):583-593, 1986.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; KWAZULU NATAL; EROSION; REMOTE SENSING

Abstract : Panchromatic aerial photographs (1:57,000) and orthophotos (1:10,000)

taken in 1976 and 1980 respectively were used to assess gully erosion in three

geographically adjacent regions - an African peasant farming region, trust land

and a commercial farming region. Results were compared with data from 1:10,000

colour aerial photographs taken in 1986. A geographic Information System

(G.I.S.) was used to store, analyse and display information obtained. The paper

makes a temporal and spatial assessment of factors associated with gully erosion

and an evaluation of the remote sensing imagery used to operationalise the

study.

Ref ID : 780

457. Best, M.G. The consumption of energy for domestic use in three African

villages. School of Environmental Studies Research Report No.18.University of

Cape Town, Cape Town. :1-144, 1979. Master of Science.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : ENERGY; AGROFORESTRY; COMMUNAL AREA

Ref ID : 2557

458. Bester, B.J., Belete, A., and Doni, T.M. An application of probit analysis

to factors affecting small-scale farmers' decision to participate in the farmer

support programme: a case study in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa.

Agrekon , 1999.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; LABOUR; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

ECONOMIC ASPECTS; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; LAND TENURE; AID; CISKEI

Notes : The purpose of the study was to analyse farmer and household

characteristics that may influence small-scale farmers' decisions about whether

or not to participate in the farmer support programme (FSP). Probit analysis

was used to analyse data obtained from the randomly selected 100 participants

and non-participants in the Keiskammahoek FSP in the Eastern Cape Province.

Using structured questionnaires, data was collected on farm size, regular labour

force, age, education, sex, employment status, vocational skills, training,

tenure status, and membership of farmers associations. The study found that

farm size, farmers' education level, sex of the head of household, employment

status, vocational skills, training, tenure status and membership to farmer

associations are some of the factors which have a significant positive effect on

the decision to use FSP. Conversely, the age and the size of family have been

found to have a not-so-significant negative effect on farmers' decisions to use

FSP. The fact that factors such as area of arable land, employment status,

level of training, education of farmers, tenure status and membership to farmer

associations have a significant positive effect on participation leads to the

suggestion that scarce FSP resources should first be used in communities where

at least some of these factors are known to be present. This article is

available in the main library at the University of Fort Hare. See also ID ref.

no. 2339.

Ref ID : 2533

459. Bester, B.J., Belete, A., and Kelembe, S.G. Assessing peasant farmers risk

attitudes and factors that influence decisions on risky alternatives: a case

study in the Border region of South Africa. Agrekon , 1998.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CISKEI; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; AID

Notes : The main purpose of the study was to assess risk attitudes of peasant

farmers and some of the factors that influence these risk attitudes in the study

area. A sample survey was used to elicit information on peasant farmers'

attitudes to risk. Three villages, namely: Mdklankomo, Mkutukeni and Mbhem were

randomly selected from villages covered by the Keiskammahoek Farmer Support

Programme (FSP). A list of peasant households was compiled for each sampled

village from which a 20% (N=50) random sample was drawn. A questionnaire was

compiled and interviews were conducted to elicit information regarding personal

and household characteristics. Contingency tables and chi-squared (X2) tests

were used as analytical tools. The results of the study revealed that peasant

farmers in the study area are risk averse. Factors such as level of formal

education and annual household income were found to significantly influence

peasant farmers' responses towards making decisions on risky alternatives. For

instance, peasant farmers who have high levels of education and income tend to

take agricultural loans although this alternative is generally considered as

risky by most peasant farmers in the study area. This article is available at

the library at the University of Fort Hare. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 1986

460. Beukes, B.A. Die rooikransboom. 1958.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL CONSERVATION; CONSERVATION

Notes : Department of Soil Conservation and Extension, an unpublished survey

report.

Ref ID : 276

461. Bicknell, G.M. Erosion control by means of small, inexpensive structures.

Dohne Agric 9(1):3-6, 1987.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; RESTORATION; EROSION CONTROL

Ref ID : 2489

462. Biggs, H.C., Kerley, G.I.H., and Tshiguvho, T. A South African long-term

ecological research network: a first for Africa? South African Journal of

Science 95:244-246, 1999.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : MONITORING; DIRECTORY

Notes : Plans are in hand to establish a network of research sites to monitor

biological trends in the long term. Local scientists can learn much from

experience of these networks abroad, yet the chances of success will also depend

on broad local participation and consultation.

Ref ID : 2491

463. Biggs, H.C., Kerley, G.I.H., and Tshiguvho, T. Inspirations and lessons for

setting up an LTER network in South Africa, as derived from a visit to several

key USA sites.Anonymous , 1999. This report attempts to pinpoint the crucial

issues for establishing a South African LTER network, after a visit to three

sties (Jornada, Sevilleta, and HJ Andrews) as well as the network office in the

USA. The role of the NSF as parent agency, and the functions of the network

office and of the three differing sites are described. The importance of

agreeing on good science themes and questions before deciding on localities for

sites is stressed. Data management strategies, which are emphasized in LTER

initiatives, are described, as are the data sharing protocols and practices.

Key philosophical issues discussed are: centralization versus decentralization;

long-term strategy and evolution of themes; inter-institutional arrangements and

synergy; incentives and demotivators for participation; bottlenecks and threats

regarding continuity; and technology-driven versus hypothesis-driven science.

Critical components and success factors are described, and steps believed to be

needed to set up a South African network are presented.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : MODELS; MONITORING; DIRECTORY; INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS

Ref ID : 1509

464. Bilsborrow, R. and Okoth-Ogendo, H. Population-driven changes in land use

in developing countries. Ambio 21(1):37-45, 1992.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : LAND USE; PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS

Ref ID : 2399

465. Binnie and Partners and Shardinc in joint venture Mzimvubu Basin

Development Study: Sector Report No. 5 Agriculture.Anonymous , 1990.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : IRRIGATION; EROSION; POPULATION; LAND USE; TRANSKEI; RAINFALL; RURAL

DEVELOPMENT; PRODUCTION POTENTIAL; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; AGRICULTURAL

PRODUCTION; GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES; AID

Notes : The purpose was to identify the main agro-ecological units in the Basin

and to estimate the benefits that could be desired from farming the land within

these units. Specific purposes include: identification of dry land arable

potential, irrigation potential, future development of agriculture and benefits

of agriculture. The survey instrument consisted of two parts: a general

information designed to gather descriptive data, and a field work section

dealing with physiography, agro-ecological classification, erosion, population

and existing land use. The study area covers an area of 20 060 km2 with 70%

lying within the border of Transkei and 30% within the border of the Republic of

South Africa. The arable soil available for dryland cropping is 346 200 ha of

which approximately 126 800 ha is suitable for irrigation. The study, however,

revealed that Mzimvubu basin enjoys a good rainfall and that only 40 700 ha can