Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

less protracted than restoring an already polluted aquifer. In compiling a

national-scale groundwater vulnerability map of Southern Africa, it was decided

to use the widely known DRASTIC methodology that includes the following

components: (1) the Depth to groundwater; (2) the Recharge due to rainfall; (3)

the Aquifer media; (4) the Soil media; (5) the Topographer; (6) the Impact of

the vadose zone; and (7) the Conductivity (hydraulic). This methodology is well

suited to gridded information sets of factors influencing groundwater

vulnerability. The fact that the major strength of a grid cell-based model lies

in its analytical capabilities, makes the ARC/INFO geographic infomation system

(GIS) the ideal choice for manipulation and displaying the data surrounding the

DRASTIC model. This paper outlines the technicques used in compiling the data

sets for those factors that influence the susceptibility of groundwater to

contamination over Southern Africa and the techniques involved in manipulating

and displaying these data in GIS. The different techniques employed in the

gathering and calculation of the different information sets required by the

DRASTIC model to describe the groundwater vulnerability are presented in detail.

The final output, which is in the form of a colour paper map, will be useful in

presenting the concept of groundwater vulnerabiity and groundwater protection to

the layman.

Ref ID : 1141

1321. Lyster, R. "Protected natural environments": difficulties with

environmental land use regulation and some thoughts on the property clause. De

Jure :136-153, 1919.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : LAND DEGRADATION; CONSERVATION; POLICY; LEGISLATION

Ref ID : 563

1322. Maaren, H. Workshop on the effect of rural land use and catchment

management on water resources.Anonymous Pretoria:Department of Environmental

Affairs. TR 113, 1983.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : LAND USE; HYDROLOGY; RUNOFF; COMMUNAL AREA

Ref ID : 2561

1323. Mabuntana, F. Willowvale needs assessment. BRC Report.Anonymous East

London:Border Rural Committee. , 1999.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CISKEI; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; AGRICULTURAL

PRODUCTION; INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS; WATER QUALITY; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; LIVESTOCK

PRODUCTION

Notes : The purpose of the study was to assess the needs of community members in

the Willowvale district. A proactive approach was applied to the facilitation

of community needs assessment workshops, engagement with the Willowvale Planning

Committee (WPC) and the provision of mentoring to facilitate the WPC. The

Willowvale district is 99% rural with a huge backlog in service provision.

Socio-economic and service infrastructure were not adequately provided for by

the past government, thus affecting the development potential of the area. Most

needs expressed in the area were about infrastructure. Roads (access and main)

and water (for households and stock) were mentioned as needs, and ranked among

the highest four priorities namely roads, water, schools and clinics. However,

veterinary services, dairy farming/agriculture and banking services were among

further needs determined in the district. This report is available from the

Border Rural Committee, East London. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 1749

1324. Macdonald, I.A.W. Man's role in changing the face of southern Africa. In:

Biotic diversity in southern Africa: concepts and conservation, edited by

Huntley, B.J.Cape Town:Oxford University Press, 1989,p. 51-72.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA; CONSERVATION; POPULATION; CULTIVATION; BIODIVERSITY;

LAND USE; GRAZING EFFECTS; PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; SOIL

CONSERVATION

Notes : The author concludes that man has played an important role in modifying

or transforming virtually every ecosystem in southern Africa. The quantitative

extent of these changes is generally difficult to ascertain. However, it

appears likely that they are significant in terms of the ability of the affected

ecosystems to support populations of native species. Historic reductions in the

ranges of many of these species indicate that it is essential that adequate

areas be protected from man's influence if the diversity of southern Africa's

biota is to be conserved. It is equally important that limits be established

for the allowable extents of certain transformations (eg. the impoundment of

rivers), and that certain landuse practices (eg. cultivation and domestic

livestock grazing) be improved if essential ecological processes are to be

maintained. A guiding principle in all such decisions should be that the

practically 'non-renewable' soil resource must be protected.

Ref ID : 2047

1325. Macdonald, I.A.W., Clark, D.L., and Taylor, H.C. The history and effects

of alien plant control in the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve, 1941 - 1987.

South African Journal of Botany 55:56-75, 1989.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : ALIEN PLANTS; NATURE RESERVES

Ref ID : 2048

1326. Macdonald, I.A.W., Jarman, M.L., and Beeston, P.M. Management of invasiver

plants in the fynbos biome.Anonymous Pretoria:Foundation for Research

Development. 111, 1985.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : FYNBOS

Notes : South African National Programmes Report no. 111, Foundation for

Research and Development, Pretoria.

Ref ID : 2162

1327. Macdonald, I.A.W. and Richardson, D.M. Alien species in terrestrial

ecosystems of the fynbos biome. In: The ecology and management of biological

invasions in Southern Africa, edited by Macdonald, I.A.W., Kruger, F.J., and

Ferrar, A.A.Cape Town:Oxford University Press, 1986,p. 77-91.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : FYNBOS; SOUTHERN AFRICA

Ref ID : 2046

1328. Macdonald, I.A.W. and Wissel, C. Costing the initial clearance of alien

Acacia species invading fynbos vegetation. South African Journal of Plant and

Soil 6:39-45, 1989.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : FYNBOS

Ref ID : 2050

1329. Mack, R.N. Invading plants: their potential contribution to population

biology. In: Studies on plant demography: a festschrift for John L. Harper,

edited by White, J.K.London:Academic Press, 1985,p. 127-142.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : POPULATION

Ref ID : 1758

1330. Mackay, C.H. and Zietsman, H.L. Assessing and monitoring rangeland

condition in extensive pastoral regions using satellite remote sensing and GIS

techniques: an application to the Ceres Karoo region of South Africa. African

Journal of Range and Forage Science 13(3):100-112, 1996.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : MONITORING; REMOTE SENSING; METHODOLOGIES; SATELLITE IMAGERY; EASTERN

CAPE; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; VELD CONDITION; BOTANICAL SURVEY; STATISTICS;

GEOMORPHOLOGY

Abstract : The purpose of this paper is to describe the use of satellite remote

sensing and GIS techniques in applying localised range condition assessment

methodology based on fence-line contrasts. The approach was to compute six

dissimilarity incides for data on vegetation cover and composition from paired,

site-specific surveys across farm boundaries. Fence-lines were buffered using

the ARC/INFO GIS, and a soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) was computed from

Landsat Thematic Mapper data of the area. Two dissimilarity indices were

computed for paired pixel sets of SAVI values and statistically analysed for

differences between their means. These satellite-derived dissimilarity values

were correlated with the indices from the rangeland survey data to test whether

the satellite measures could be used to identify and quantify artificial

boundary events. The results indicate that it is feasible to detect and

quantify fence-line differences in range condition with the use of satellite

imagery that is registered to other relevant geographical data.

Ref ID : 1317

1331. Mackenzie, C. Degradation of arable land resouces: policy options and

consideration within the context of rural restructuring in South

Africa.Anonymous Anonymous Johannesburg:Land and Agriculture Policy Centre. :1-

26, 1994. 1-877034-06-4.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POLICY

Ref ID : 528

1332. Mackenzie, C. Degradation of arable land resources: policy options and

considerations within the context of rural restructuring in South Africa,

Johannesburg:Land and Agriculture Policy Centre, 1994.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : LAND DEGRADATION; LAND REFORM; POLICY; INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS;

CULTIVATION

Ref ID : 613

1333. Mackenzie, L.A. Silt in South African rivers. Professional Paper

no.16.Anonymous Anonymous Irrigation Department, Union of SA: 1949.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SEDIMENTATION; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY

Ref ID : 1316

1334. MacVicar, C.N. East London/Oos Londen 1981.Anonymous Pretoria:Department

of Agriculture. 180:96-99, 1983. To plan production at farm level efficiently,

the distribution of ecotopes, which are classes that indicate agriculturally

significant differences in the quality of land, must be shown on an adequately

scaled map of each farm. Information presently available will permit the

definition of ecotopes for 80% of arable (suitable for cultivation) SA and 50%

of the land suitable only for grazing. Ecotope mapping has yet to cover some

100 000 km2 rainfed arable land, 5 000 km2 irrigated arable land and 840 000 km2

non-arable land. Good first approximation definitions of agriculturally

desirable natural vegetation stage can be made now for the majority of ecotopes

in non-arable areas.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : MAPS; CULTIVATION

Ref ID : 2540

1335. Madikizela, S.P. and Groenewald, J.A. Marketing preferences and behaviour

of a group of smallscale irrigation vegetable farmers in the Eastern Cape.

Agrekon , 1998.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : IRRIGATION; EASTERN CAPE; CISKEI; ECONOMIC ASPECTS

Notes : The purpose of the study was to conduct a survey concerning access to

markets of a sample of small-scale irrigation farmers in the Eastern Cape, and

to investigate their perceptions regarding marketing. The study was conducted

in the Seymour district in the Eastern Cape, among 81 farmers who belong to the

Hertzog Agricultural Co-operative. Each member has one hectare of irrigated

land on which vegetables are grown. The study found that irrigation vegetable

farmers have had problems concerning market access. The survey also showed

younger farmers to be better educated, more businesslike and more eager to solve

problems than are their older counterparts. The unavailability of transport,

poor infrastructure, lack of market information and, to a lesser extent,

dishonesty of some traders, are major problems for the farmers. The authors

stressed, however, that the community involved should be regarded as

progressive, and that they can be expected to prosper once their problems have

been solved. This article can be found at the main library at the University of

Fort Hare. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 317

1336. Madkiri, L.W. and Manyanza, P.C. Erosion hazard mapping of the SADCC

region. Part 1: Zimbabwe. SADCC report 18.Anonymous SADCC. 18, 1989.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; SOUTHERN AFRICA; ZIMBABWE; MAPS

Ref ID : 2541

1337. Mafu, V. Small-scale pig production in Eastern Cape communities. ARDRI

News , 1998.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; CISKEI; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; ECONOMIC ASPECTS

Notes : The purpose of the study was to gather basic information about pig

production in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape, and to formulate plans for

future research. The research method consisted of a questionnaire survey with

snowball sampling. In total, 45 respondents from three settlements (Msobomvu -

15; Nqgele - 15; and Ntselamanzi - 15) were used for the study. Seventy seven

percent of respondents regarded pig production as an additional income to their

households. Respondents kept an average of three mature pigs and four piglets

at a time. The major feed component of the meal for pigs were germ meal, maize

grains and left over food. Garden refuse constituted a small portion of feed

for pigs. Respondents maintained the health of pigs with a variety of remedies

ranging from the use of epson salts, table salt, Jeyes fluid, cape aloe, old

motor oil, sulfur and potassium permanganate. The old motor oil was used to

keep the pigs clean from lice and the rest to keep their digestive systems free

from internal parasites. Pigs were sold at an average price of R59 with prices

ranging from R20 to R150. Unlike piglets, pork was sold mainly on credit. This

article can be found at ARDRI, University of Fort Hare. See also ID ref. no.

2339.

Ref ID : 2431

1338. Mager, A. The people get fenced: gender, rehabilitation and african

nationalism in the Ciskei and border region, 1945-1955. Journal & Southern

African Studies , 1992.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CISKEI; LEGISLATION; GENDER ASPECTS; EASTERN CAPE MANAGEMENT; LAND

TENURE

Notes : The purpose of this study was to describe the land ownership and land

administration functions both at a de facto and de jure level in Thornhill. The

method used was case study. In the case study three areas: juridical,

regulators and physical functions of land administration were considered. The

study found out a number of problems with regard to ownership functions and land

administration functions. Allocations, transfer and sub-divisions are not being

recorded. Disputes of land rights are not resolved through the adjudication

process, and land boundaries, are not respected by the owner. There is also a

problem of local capacity to administer land effectively. The study has shown

that legislation is vague with regard to land admnistration functions. The

authors made a number of recommendations to minimise the problems related with

land administration and land ownership functions in the study area. This

article can be found in the main library at the University of Fort Hare. See

also ref. I.D. no: 2339.

Ref ID : 1941

1339. Maher, G. Phase two of the small catchment project at La Mercy.

Proceedings of the South African Sugar Technologists Association.Anonymous

Anonymous , 1990.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 463

1340. Makhanya, E. The use of SPOT images for mapping rural settlements and land

degradation in the less developed areas of South Africa. ITC Journal 3:276-281,

1993.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; SETTLEMENT IMPACTS; LAND DEGRADATION; SATELLITE

IMAGERY; MAPS; EROSION

Abstract : The transformation towards a more democratic social order in SA is

associated with large-scale sprawling of informal settlements that are

characterized by congestion and land degradation. Spot images, processed by

cost-effective PC-based software, were used to map the extent of settlements and

soil erosion in the northeastern Transvaal. The results showed that there were

various degrees of soil erosion associated with the settlements, which

contrasted remarkably with the protected areas of the adjacent Kruger National

Park and commercial farms. From the results obtained, it is evident that an

analysis of sequential Spot images can be used to monitor the expansion of

settlements as well as the related land degradation in these and other less

developed areas.

Ref ID : 1499

1341. Malan, J.S. and Owen-Smith, G.I. Cimbebesia (2):131-178, 1974.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 1237

1342. Malan, T. and Hattingh, P.S. Consolidation (4) & Agriculture (5). In:

Black homelands in South Africa,Anonymous Pretoria:Africa institute of South

Africa, 1998,p. 24-40.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : FREE STATE; LEGISLATION; RAINFALL; CISKEI; TRANSKEI; AGRICULTURAL

PRODUCTION; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

Notes : Chapter 4 is devoted to Consolidation. Ever since Whites and Blacks

first made contact in SA, certain areas have been regarded as being reserved for

Black occupation. In the course of time the Cape Colony and Natal, as well as

the Republic of the Orange Free State and the South African Replublic passed

legislation to regulate Bantu land tenure and occupation. These Acts were

consolidated in the Bantu Land Act, No 27 of 1913. The Act embodied the

principle of territorial segregation of Black and non-Black. In the Schedule to

this Act specific areas were set aside and reserved exclusively for Black

ownership. The headings dealt with in this chapter are: the 1913 and 1936

legislation; the Tomlinson Commission; Black Spots (de jure); poorly situated

black areas (de facto Black Spots); Black areas and national units; purchase of

land; consolidation proposals and land units; and future developments. The next

chapter is devoted to Agriculture. Agriculture was largely constituted of

subsistence farming. Agricultural activities are responsible for the greater

part of the GDP of the homelands. From 1959/70 the proportion of subsistence

production has, however, declined from 55% to about 38%. Recently the

Department of Agricultural Economics and Marketing claimed that about 23% of

SA's agricultural potential was to be found in the homelands but that less than

5% of the total output was derived from them. More than three quarters of the

homelands are situated in areas with a rainfall higher than 500 mm per annum and

have the potential to produce food for 30 to 35 million people but presently

feed less than two million. More than a century ago, the Government of the Cape

was aware of the poor farming methods of the Blacks. Most of the missionaries,

apart from their evangelical work, provided agricultural training. Later the

Cape Government established agricultural schools near Fort Cox in the Ciskei and

near Tsolo in the Transkei, where extension officers were trained to stimulate

greater agricultural production. The low productivity in the homelands,

however, continued to cause concern, with the result that in 1929 the Union

Government decided to create a Native Agricultural and Lands Division within the

Department of Native Affairs to provide agricultural services. At the same time

it was felt that agricultural reform was not the only problem, but that

insufficient land had been granted to Blacks under the Bantu Land Act, No 29 of

1913. A series of commissions investigated the position, leading eventually to

the promulgation of the Bantu Trust and Land Act, No 18 of 1936 in terms of

which 6,2 million ha of land was added to the Black areas as released areas.

Prior to the Tomlinson Commission's report, several studies in the field of

agriculture were undertaken, for example the Social and Economic Planning

Council's report on the native reserves and their role in the economy of the

Union of SA which appeared in 1946. The headings dealt with in this chapter

are: agricultural technical services until 1952; recommendations of the

Tomlinson Commission; agricultural development; agricultural production; and the

role of the corporations in the field of agriculture.

Ref ID : 719

1343. Maliehe, T.M. Agroforestry research in Southern Africa with particular

reference to the work of the Institute of Natural Resources. Paper prepared for

the Workshop on the Status of Plant Sciences in Southern Africa, Maputo,

Mozambique, 7-14 February. Occasional Paper 47.Anonymous Anonymous

Scottsville:Institute of Natural Resources. , 1990.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : AGROFORESTRY; ENERGY; COMMUNAL AREA

Ref ID : 464

1344. Mallory, S.J.L. Two-dimensional modelling of reservoir

sedimentation.University of the Witwatersrand. , 1991. Master of Science.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; SEDIMENTATION; MODELS; FLOODS; EROSION

Notes : Introduction, Conclusions and References only photocopied. Conclusions

and recommendations are as follows. The deposition of sediment in reservoirs

has many detrimental impacts, such as loss of reservoir storage capacity,

reduction in yield, clogging of outlets and increased flood levels. These

impacts can be reduced by predicting the spatial and temporal distribution of

sediment deposits and hence planning for the most probable scenario. A number

of methods for predicting the distribution of sediment in reservoirs exist,

ranging from simplistic empirical methods to sophisticated computer models. The

problem with the empirical methods is their inaccuracy and limited scope. The

more advanced computer models on the other hand require a high level of

expertise, costly computer hardware and large amounts of data to produce

meaningful results. The model developed in this report retains some of the

accuracy and technical sophistication of the more advanced models while

minimising the computer harware and data requirements. The model is also easy

to use and does not require an advanced knowledge of hydraulics or

sedimentology. This has been achieved by developing an algorithm for solving a

quasi-unsteady two-dimensional (in plan) flows. Unsteady flows are approximated

as a sequence of steady flow events, the durations of which are determined by

the model to ensure numerical stability, accuracy and computational efficiency.

This component of the model has been verified by modelling a six month flow

sequence through the Hartebeespoort Dam. Recorded and predicted water levels

compared well. The sediment routing module of the program uses a standard

sediment continuity equation, adapted for use with the two-dimensional flow

model. The transport, deposition and erosion of graded sediments, consisting of

up to ten different size fractions, can be modelled. Diffusion and dispersion

of the sediment is ignored and the sediment concentration profile is

approximated by the depth averaged concentration. The model accounts for

deposition and erosion rates. The deposition algorithms of the model have been

tested by comparing Borland and Miller's dimensionless sediment distribution