Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

were highest in D2, while staying similar in D1 and D3. Both LAI and NDVI

values exhibited an increase from D1 towards D2 and D3 in Herford trial.

Ref ID : 1396

993. Gerson, R. The environmental effects of air pollution from the energy

sector in South Africa.University of Cape Town. , 1992. Master of Science.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : POLLUTION; ENERGY; MONITORING

Ref ID : 1304

994. Gertenbach, J.J. Contours: 1. how to contour plough against slopes. Farming

in South Africa :1-14, 1973.

Reprint : In File,

Notes : Contour furrows offer a practical and economical way of protecting

slopes where seasonal crops are cultivated on a large scale. This article deals

with the construction of such furrows on two to eight per cent slopes with

implements usually available to the grain farmer.

Ref ID : 1545

995. Gess, F.W. and Gess, S.K. Effects of increasing land utlization on species

representation and diversity of aculeate wasps and bees in the semi-arid areas

of southern Africa. In: Hymenoptera and biodiversity, edited by LaSalle, J. and

Gauld, I.D.Wallingford:CAB International, 1993,p. 83-113.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA; BIODIVERSITY; DEFORESTATION; CONSERVATION; LAND

DEGRADATION; LAND USE; PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS; FAUNA; STOCKING RATE;

POLLUTION; SUCCULENT KAROO; GRAZING EFFECTS; WATER QUALITY; HYDROLOGY; VELD

MANAGEMENT; CULTIVATION; BUSH ENCROACHMENT; EASTERN CAPE

Notes : This chapter concludes that aspects of agricultural land use seen to be

adversely affecting the diversity of the aculeate wasp and bee fauna are:

excessive stocking rates; heavy selective grazing or browsing; excessive

trampling; water pollution by stock; large-scale impoundment of water;

canalizing of water; extensive replacement of natural vegetation by cultivated

pastures; extensive replacement of natural vegation by crop plants; use of

insecticides for crop protection; the spread of invasive exotic plant species;

bush cutting; and intensive removal of dry wood. The nature and extent of

agricultural land use in the semi-arid areas of southern Africa, the Karoo, is

such that there are already no truly pristine areas extant. The number of areas

suited to supporting the present typical aculeate wasp and bee communities is

increasingly on the decline. As aculeate wasps and bees show a high level of

beta diversity, being habitat specialists, they are not adaptable to change.

Consequently over much of the area alpha diversity has already been reduced.

Continued and increasing exploitation is expected to result in total loss at

least of endemic species. Greatest species loss is expected in the Succulent

Karoo as this is an area rich in species showing high levels of delta rarity,

that is rich in endemics, both floral and faunal. Due to their interaction with

plants, other insects and spiders, disturbances in abundance and species

representation of aculeate wasps and bees will have a cascade effect which will

inevitably affect the whole ecological system of the Karoo.

Ref ID : 682

996. Gibbs, A.P.G. An economic evaluation of the developmental impact of

agricultural credit schemes in Kwazulu.University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg. ,

1988. Survey data were used to evaluate the developmental impact of agricultural

credit schemes on rural housholds in KwaZulu. A random and non-proportional

systematic sampling procedure was used to collect data from 402 households in

Madadeni, Mahlabatini and Vulamehlo districts. In addition, a census of 164

progressive farmer and farmer/contractor households was conducted in the same

districts in an attempt to increase the number of these respondents so that

additional analyses could be undertaken. The data were evaluated using select

frequency distributions, cross-tabulations and discriminant analyses. It was

found that contractor services, especially those provided by tractor

contractors, were required by small farmers to complete arduous tasks. The

quality and price of services being rendered by contractors was a function of

the market mechanism in each area. contractors required credit in order to

obtain high capital cost items and the subsidization of credit costs assists in

promoting price and quality competitiveness by facilitating the purchase of

these items. Credit utilization for agricultural production amongst small

farmers tends to be concentrated amongst those with slightly larger land areas,

smaller household sizes, potential cash croppers and those with slightly higher

food expenditures per month. There was no difference in productivity per

hectare nor natural resource utilization by credit farmers. Credit farmers were

however more restricted in their investment per hectare because of increases in

uncertainty, potential own captial losses and aversion to debt. The objectives

of credit farmers for utilizing credit were to overcome cash flow problems,

complete ploughing tasks at the best time and to purchase inputs when needed.

The two dominant restraints to utilizing credit for both credit and non-credit

farmers are risk and perceived cost.Master of Agricultural Management.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : KWAZULU; COMMUNAL AREA; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; SUBSIDIES; AGRICULTURAL

DEVELOPMENT; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

Notes : Abstract in file.

Ref ID : 2479

997. Gilbert, A., Van Vlaenderen, H., and Nkwinti, G. Planting pumpkins:

socialization and the role of local knowledge in rural South Africa. South

African Journal of Psychology , 1995.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; CISKEI; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; ECONOMIC ASPECTS;

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Notes : The purpose was to examine how parents, in two different rural

scenarios, experience the challenges of raising their children for a changing

world. The research was conducted during 1990/1991 in the estwhile Eastern Cape

and Ciskei at the start of the transitional period in South Africa leading up to

the democratic elections in April 1994. The research programme was conducted in

four rural niches: black families living on commercial white farms; black

families living in deep-rural villages in Ciskei who are dependent on migrant

remittances and transfer payments supplemented by small-scale subsistence

agriculture; black families living in resettlement village and black families

living in villages in the erstwhile Ciskei close to a small town. Data were

collected from a total of 80 households randomly selected using multiple

interviews and discussion systems. The study revealed three dilemmas facing

parents, emerging from the case studies. They are identified as follows:

maintaining the home and intact family life, providing continuity between the

past and future, and setting boundaries for children's actions. Strategies

followed by parents in dealing with these dilemmas are explored. Like the vine

of the pumpkin, the local knowledge of parents provides the thread of continuity

for bringing up a child in a changing world, parents in deep rural areas and

others in a white farming district, have definite but different socialisation

strategies to address these dilemmas. The paper outlines the strategies parents

used to bring up their children in a rural environment, particularly in times of

rapid soical change and when people have limited access to resources to embrace

the change. This article is available at the main library in the University of

Fort Hare. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 538

998. Giliomee, J.H. Agriculture. In: Environmental management in South Africa,

edited by Fuggle, R.F. and Rabie, M.A.Cape Town:Juta & Co Ltd, 1992,p. 739-747.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT;

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Notes : The author concludes his chapter by saying that many of the agricultural

practices followed today by crop and stock farmers are harmful to the

environment and are causing a steady decline in the quality of the resource

base. Thus, soils are eroded, nutrients depleted, rivers pumped dry or polluted

by chemicals and many valuable plant and animal species eliminated or replaced

by weeds. He suggests a need to shift in emphasis from maximising short-term

gains through the use of exploitative practices to approaches that would lead to

sustainable productivity over the long term - i.e. a paradigm shift from

agribusiness to agro-ecology. This will be achieved only if there are education

changes in the attitudes and norms of the farmers. Research should provide

alternatives to harmful practices and economic measures should be used to reward

those farmers who follow ecologically sound practices and penalize those who

fail to do so. Not only the biophysical but also the sociological environment

should be considered. Ultimately, sustainable agriculture should be a solid

building block that supports and interfaces with the social, economic and

political structures of a region.

Ref ID : 848

999. Gillespie, J.M., Upton Hatch, L., and Duffy, P.A. Effect of the 1985 Farm

Bill Provisions on Farmers' Soil Conservation Decisions. Southern J.of

Agric.Economics 22(2):179-189, 1990.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL CONSERVATION; POLICY; LEGISLATION

Ref ID : 2334

1000. Golding, J.S. The urban plants and people of the Cape Flats, Cape Town,

South Africa. Paper prepared for conference on "African Environments, Past and

Present", Journal of Southern African Studies and St. Anthony's College, Oxford,

UK, 5 - 8 July 1999.Anonymous Anonymous Cape Town:SABONET. , 1999. The Cape

Flats of Cape Town, South Africa, is a high density urban area of ca 670 km2.

Census data estimate the current population of Cape Town to be more than 3

million people, and growing at 4 - 5% per annum. Despite ongoing urban

developments, the Cape Flats has managed to retain an enormous diversity of

plant species which are inadequately conserved. The Cape Flats flora is

regarded as one of Africa's major 'hotspots' of plant biodiversity. 'Hotspot'

is a term coined to describe an area that has a large number of endemic plant or

animal species. Accordng to the IUCN's (World Conservation Union) Red Data

List, 48 out of a total of 1192 plant species recorded on the Cape Flats are

facing extinction. Fifteen of these 48 species only occur on the Cape Flats and

nowhere else in the world while the remaining 33 species mainly occur within a

100 km radius from the urban core. Processes which are threatening these

species include land clearing under the guise of sand-mining, agriculture,

formal and informal housing settlements, destructive fires, and invasive alien

plant infestations. In this paper, I report on the conservation history of the

Cape Flats flora which has resulted in a legacy of ad hoc conservation. This

paper also attempts to elucidate realistic opportunities within an urban

context, for improving the conservation status of a unique flora.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POPULATION; BIODIVERSITY; CONSERVATION; FIRE; ALIEN PLANTS

Ref ID : 904

1001. Goodier, R. Nature conservation and forest clearance in Africa with

special reference to some ecological implications of tsetse control. In:

Conservation of vegetation in Africa south of the Sahara. Proceedings of a

symposium held at the 6th Plenary meeting of the "Association pour l'Etude

Taxonomique de la Flore d'Afrique Tropicale" (A.E.T.F.A.T.) in Uppsala, Sept,

12th-16th, 1966, edited by Hedberg, I. and Hedberg, O.Uppsala: 1968,p. 20-25.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : DEFORESTATION; CONSERVATION

Notes : The relationship between the species of tsetse and particular types of

vegetation is outlined and the use made of vegetation clearance in the control

of tsetse is reviewed. Vegetation clearance against tsetse has particular

significance in relation to the conservation of the natural environment firstly

because of the particular ecological significance of the vegetation types

cleared and, secondly, because the clearing operations often take place in

remote areas that would in all probability be conserved if it were not for the

necessity to control tsetse. The importance of the need for conservationists to

define their requirements so that due account can be taken of the need to

conserve examples of the natural environment is stressed.

Ref ID : 1672

1002. Gordon, A.J. and Kluge, R.L. Biological control of St. John's Wort,

Hypericum perforatum (Clusiaceae), in South Africa. Agriculture Ecosystems &

Environment 37(1-3):77-90, 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; BUSH ENCROACHMENT

Ref ID : 1930

1003. Goudie, A. The human impact on the natural environment, Oxford:Basil

Blackwell, 1990.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 2313

1004. Grabow, W.O.K., Holtzhausen, C.S., and De Villiers, J.C. Research on

bacteriophages as indicators of water quality (1 January 1990 to 31 December

1992). Department of Medical Virology, U.o. Pretoria:University of Pretoria.

321/1/93, 1993.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : WATER QUALITY

Notes : The authors conclude that the main objectives of the project were

accomplished. Evidence was presented that phages fulfil the fundamental

requirements of indicators for faecal pathogens, notably human viruses.

Indicator features of phages disclosed by this and other studies warrant further

research regarding their application in practice for water quality assessment.

One weakness revealed by the results is that male-specific coliphages and B

fragilis phages tend to occur in many water environments in numbers too low for

enumeration by direct plaque essays. This implies that future research should

pay special attention to techniques for the detection of low numbers of phages

in large volumes of water.

Ref ID : 542

1005. Grainger, J.E. Some thoughts on soil erosion in Transkei. Discussion Paper

No 12.Anonymous Anonymous Umtata:University of the Transkei. , 1984.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; TRANSKEI

Ref ID : 920

1006. Granger, J.E., Hall, M., McKenzie, B., and Feely, J.M. Archaeological

research on plant and animal husbandry in Transkei. South African Journal of

Science 81:12-15, 1985.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ARCHAEOLOGY; TRANSKEI; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; SOUTHERN AFRICA;

CULTIVATION; FOREST

Notes : Radiocarbon dates from archaeological sites have recently transformed

perceptions of the history and effect of early farming in SA, which has wide

ecological implications. Two, partially conflicting assumptions about the

impact of pre-colonial farmers on the biomes of Southern Africa have long been

held. On the one hand, the effect of such farming communities has been seen as

inconsequential in comparison with more recent behaviour such as tsetse-fly

control, sugar-cane cultivation and commercial stock-rearing. On the other

hand, it has been suggested that farmers rapidly cleared temperate forests

through the south-eastern continental margins in the few centuries before white

settlement. This article examines this debate with regard to the Transkei and

suggests areas for further investigation.

Ref ID : 1931

1007. Grey, D. and Jacobs, O. The impact of harvesting on forest site quality.

199.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : FOREST

Notes : This work is undated.

Ref ID : 298

1008. Greyvenstein, F.S. 'n Studie van sedimenthellings stroom op van

herwinningswerke. S.Afr.Tydskr.Landbouwet. 7:321-328, 1964.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; SEDIMENTATION; SOIL

CONSERVATION; EROSION CONTROL

Ref ID : 1356

1009. Greyvenstein, F.S. and De Villiers, C.P.M. Common reed as a reclamation

plant. Engineering series.Anonymous Anonymous Pretoria:Department og

Agricultural Technical Services. :1-3, 1975.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : EROSION; FLOODS

Notes : This article explains why the common reed (Phragmites australis), which

is found all over SA is so important as a reclamation plant. Many years ago, it

was one of the main plant types which densely covered natural vleis. As a

result of erosion, the reed began to disappear. Questions answered in this

paper are: why is the common reed so valuable for reclamation purposes?; where

are roots to be found for planting purposes?; how, where and when must roots be

planted?; does the common reed spread quickly on its own?; is the reed easily

damaged by flood water?; are there any other uses for the weed?; and how should

the reed be protected?

Ref ID : 299

1010. Greyvenstein, F.S. and De Villiers, C.P.M. Combat donga erosion with pole

crosses.Anonymous S.A. Dept. Agr. Tech. Serv. :180-182, 1976.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : EROSION CONTROL; RESTORATION; EROSION; SOIL CONSERVATION;

CONSERVATION

Notes : Donga erosion occurs very generally in large parts of SA. This kind of

erosion is especially severe at the bends of dongas. The force of floodwater

usually causes the soil banks to rapidly cave in at the bends. The loose soil

is then carried along by the rapid-flowing floodwater, stripping vast areas of

their fertile topsoil. It is surprising how much can be lost in this way, often

through a relatively small stream, especially if the dongas wind through deep

and vulnerable soil. Moreover, the deepest and most fertile soils are found in

those valleys where floodwater collect. The combating of this kind or erosion

is usually not easy. The research unit engaged in soil conservation in Aliwal

North has obtained marked success with a relatively cheap and simple type of

construction, known as the "pole jack". This is the subject of this paper.

Ref ID : 593

1011. Grice, D.C. The approaching crisis: land and population in the Transvaal

and Natal: Presidential address delivered at the annual council meeting of the

South African Institute of Race Relations in Johannesburg on the 16th January

1973. 1973.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : POPULATION; LAND REFORM; NORTHERN PROVINCE; MPUMALANGA; KWAZULU

NATAL; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; PRODUCTION POTENTIAL

Ref ID : 621

1012. Griffioen, C. and O'Connor, T.G. The influence of trees and termite mounds

on the soils and herbaceous composition of a savanna grassland.

S.Afr.Tydskr.Ekol. 1(1):18-25, 1990.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : VEGETATION DYNAMICS; SAVANNA; GRASSLAND; PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS;

SOIL PROPERTIES

Abstract : The influence of termite (Macrotermitinae) mounds and trees on the

soil properties and herbaceous composition of an open savanna woodland on clay

soils was investigated in the eastern Transvaal, SA. Four sub-habitats were

studied; mounds in the open, mounds under canopies, flat areas in the open and

flat areas under canopies. Canonical discrimination analysis of these four sub-

habitats showed that the soil environment of mounds was more dissimilar to that

of flat areas than were shaded areas to unshaded areas. The pH, conductivity,

potassium and, to a lesser extent, sodium (but not calcium) concentration of

mounds was significantly higher than the top soils of adjacent areas, while the

magnesium concentration was significantly higher under canopies. Mounds were

constructed from subsoil, and relative to these there was a signficant increase

in pH, conductivity and the concentration of calcium, phosphorus and zinc, and a

pronounced decrease in magnesium. A correspondence analysis of the eight most

common perennial grasses demonstrated that each of the four sub-habitats

supported a distinct herbaceous flora. Cenchurs ciliaris was associated only

with mounds in the open, while Heteropogon contortus and Aristida bipartita were

restricted to flat areas in the open. Panicum maximum and Setaria incrassata

were associated with shaded environments, and the former was the most prolific

species on shaded mounds.

Ref ID : 300

1013. Griffiths, P. Reclamation of badly eroded areas. Dohne Agric 10(1):8-9,

1984.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; SOIL CONSERVATION;

RESTORATION; EROSION

Notes : The author examines the success of a number of structures in combating

erosion. The object of these structures is not to stop the flow of water, but

to reduce its speed, thereby allowing fertile silt to be deposited and

encouraging vegetation to establish itself. He provides a number of suggestions

to enhance this process when considering building such structures.

Ref ID : 585

1014. Griffiths, T. and Robin, L. Ecology & empire: environmental history and

settler societies, Pietermaritzburg:University of Natal, 1997.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; LAND USE; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

Ref ID : 691

1015. Grimshaw, R.G. A review of existing soil conservation technologies, and a

proposed method of soil conservation using contour farming practices backed by

vetiver grass hedge barriers.Anonymous World Bank. , 1987.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL CONSERVATION; ALIEN PLANTS; EROSION CONTROL; EROSION;

POPULATION; CONSERVATION; LABOUR

Notes : Erosion of the land surface continues at an alarming rate as rising

populations in the developing world exploit the remaining potential arable lands

and overuse or misuse the land that should be used otherwise. Conservation

measaures have generally failed - in many cases because they have been

inappropriately designed and constructed, or because the user sees no direct

economic benefit, or because they are too expensive to construct and maintain at

a time of rising labour costs and labour shortages. With few exceptions, in

those developing countries that are dominated by small farmers, engineered soil

conservation systems have neither significantly stopped erosion nor have they

significantly increased yields of crops through improved moisture conservation.

Often such measures have accelerated erosion and have removed precious water off