Chapter 1: introduction
Key Fish Species of Kabeli Khola
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- 4.3.3.3.2 Species Abundance and Fish Composition
- 4.3.3. 3 .3 Catch per U nit Effort (CPUE)
4.3.3.3.1 Key Fish Species of Kabeli Khola
A commonly known as Sahar fish has the head length greater than the body height; snout long and pointed body color yellow golden dorsally; anal and pelvic fins tips yellow; and is a popular game fish. Among the five long migratory fish species reported in the project area, this is the only long distance migratory fish that was observed during the fish sampling survey at the project site. This fish is omnivorous and feeds on insects, rotifers, and protozoan algae. This specie prefers clear gravel streams (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937), pools and runs of swift gorges (Shrestha, 1990), rapid streams with rocky bottom (Menon, 1999). It normally prefers pools and rapids for rearing and spawning. The eggs are laid under the rocks (Daniels, 2002). This species has wide distribution in Nepal and is reported in all river networks of Koshi, Gandaki, and Karnali, the eastern, central and western regions of Nepal. This fish starts an upstream migration in rivers during high floods. Normally Sahar spawns in the confluence areas where smaller streams flow into rivers. High oxygen content and moderate water velocity is preferred. Suitable spawning depth is between 2 and 5 meters, and spawning is reported to take place during July and October. Preferred temperatures for spawning are between 18.5 C and 33 C (Gurung et.al 2002). This species is reported up to the elevation of 1.250 masl in the major rivers fed by snow in Nepal (T. Petr, 2002). A mature female of Sahar of 45 cm length can yield from 6,300 to 28,000 eggs. 
Tor putitora (Sahar)
Asala is the dominant fish species in the KAHEP project site. It is an omnivorous fish and feeds on algae, pieces of aquatic plants, diatoms, periphyton and insects. Prefers rocky bottom streams and rivers with moderate current velocities (Edds 2007) on pool, run and riffle habitats. This species has a wide distribution in Nepal and is reported from all the river networks of Koshi, Gandaki, and Karnali, the eastern, central and western regions of Nepal. It breeds twice a year in autumn (September/October) and in spring (March/April). Normally it breeds after the migration in the upstream areas after the recede of the monsoon floods. The timing of spawning, however, varies with the local thermal regime and flooding conditions (Joshi, 2004). Generally, the Asala can become mature at two years of age and the larger females produce from 30,000 to 50,000 eggs depending on its size. These species have a wide range of distribution in Nepal and are found in altitudes ranging from 200 to >3,000m. To cope with the sharp fall in temperature in the winter months, these species migrate downstream at lower altitudes and as the temperature increases- in the upstream areas in the months of March (Sehgal, 1999).
Neolissochilus hexagonolepis is commonly known as ‘Katle’ in the project site. It prefers streams and rivers with rocky bottoms andmoderate currents (Edds, 2007). The species has a wide distribution in Nepal and is found in all river networks of Koshi, Gandaki, and Karnali, the eastern, central and western regions of Nepal. It is an omnivorous species (Daniels, 2002) and feeds on algae, aquatic insects and crustaceans. It is a short to mid-distant migratory fish, which migrates upstream and into the tributaries during the breeding season. The females attain maturity in the months of June - September and release ripe eggs in the month of August to September in pools feed by running water (Daniels, 2002). They breed once a year but fractionally release several batches of eggs during the breeding season. Katle broadcasts ripe eggs in installments in gravel beds. This fish species is commonly found in the altitude of up to 2,000 masl in the Himalayan snow feed rivers (T.Petr, 2002). 
Neolissocheilus hexagonolepis (Katle)
Gardi has a deep groove across snout and is covered with pores without any later lobe and with a short maxillary barble. Generally, the body coloris silvery on the sides and on the belly. The fins are tinged with red. This is a mid - distance migratory species. This fish is widely distributed throughout Nepal in the Koshi, Gandaki, Karnali and Khakali river systems. It favors moderate currents. When young, feeds heavily on insect larvae and aquatic invertebrates. Large fish eat algal slime, fishes, crustaceans and frogs. The Gardi migrate up to the hill-streams during May-June and spawns in shallow waters over plants and gravel. Altitudinal range for this fish is 150 to 1,000 masl.
The body color of this species is generally white with greenish tinge along the upper side of the body with black spots. This species is found in the streams and rivers as well as in lakes on the hills and mountains over the sandy, muddy, and/or rocky substrates (Menon, 1999; Edds, 2007). It is widely distributed in Nepal (Shrestha et.al, 2012). This fish is found in the hights of upto 1,400 masl. Its reproduction behavior is not available in the primary literature.
This fish is locally known as ‘Buduna’ with the cylindrical body and a C-shaped mouth. The ventral adhesive disc is used for climbing over rocks and stones. It is reported to prefer clear water streams and hills rivers (Edds, 1986) but it is also reported to have adapted the pools and runs of swift rivers (Shrestha, 1990). It is a herbivorous species and is widely distributed in the eastern and central Nepal (Shrestha et.al, 2012) in the Koshi and Gandaki river network. Its reproduction behavior is not available in the primary literature. Buduna is found in rivers of upto 1,000 masl, and spawns in late July.
This fish is locally known as ‘Nakata’ and the body is cylindrical with a C-shaped mouth. The ventral adhesive disc is used for climbing over rocks and stones. It becomes mature after 2 years and grows up to 150 mm. This species prefers backwater pools and rocky areas of the hill streams and lakes (Molur and Walker, 1998). It is herbivorous and feeds on algae (Hora and Mukerji, 1936). The spawning season of this fish starts at the end of June, when large numbers of fishes concentrate in the small areas. The female deposits about 20,000 lemon yellow eggs on stony or sandy beds. This fish can be found in all watercourses of Nepal ranging from 100 to 1,400 masl.The species is widely distributed in the river networks of Koshi, Gandaki and Karnali Rivers of eastern, central and western Nepal (Shrestha et.al 2012).
This fish is known as ‘Tilkabre’ in the project site. This is a rare fish from the headwater streams. Its head is depressed with a broad snout. Its lips are broad and continuous. The mouth is round with appellation which helps fish’s adhesion on rocks. The body color is yellowish-brown. The dorsal and caudal fins are tinged with black. This species breeds in May and June. The intra-ovarian eggs are very large (1.5 to 1.8 mm) compared to the size of the female fish (5 to 8 cm). It is omnivorous and found in streams having a gravel bottom with copious zoo-benthos. Aquatic insects, tadpoles and earthworms are used as bait for this fish. It is distributed all over the Nepalese river systems. It is an endemic fish to Nepal and has been reported in upto 2,960 masl with the maximum size of 100 mm (Jha, 2006). 
Glyptosternum blythi (Tilkabre)
‘Tite’ is a common name of this fish in the project site. Its body is elongated, depressed and flattened with 3 to 5 distinct transverse folds on the ventral side. Generally, the body color is darker with greenish spangle on the dorsal side. The head is bluish brown while the ventral is yellowish. A light dark band is present along the pectoral fin from just behind the operculum to the base caudal. A few dark blotches and bands are present in front of the dorsal fin as well as behind. Its scales are pigmented black. It is an endemic species of Nepal. It adheres to the surface of rocks in rapid waters and uses a diverse habitat ranging from pools, runs and riffles of the hill stream and rivers (Shrestha, 1990; Menon, 1999; and Edds 2007).The stone carp has been recorded in Roshi, Sunkoshi and Dudhkoshi rivers of the Koshi river network. It grows up to 150 mm, and its main spawning period is in August when the Tite enters into small ephemeral tributaries and moves upstream for spawning.The stone carp has an acrid taste and is therefore called Tite. It has a medical value.
Barilius bendelisisis is locally known as “Faketa”. This fish has small size pores on the snout. The male has paired enlarged, fleshy, and thick fins. The color of these fish is silvery white with black spots on each scale. The species is known to use a diverse habitats ranging from pebbly and rocky substrate stream to rivers of hills and mountains (Edds, 2007; Menon 1999, and Daniels, 2002) and clean gravelly and muddy streams of low lands (Edds 2007).This species is widely distributed in the river networks of Nepal both in hills and low lands (Shrestha et.al. 2012). It is an omnivorous species and feeds on algae and associated insects (Edds, 1987). It breeds from April to June (Badola and Singh, 1984) but the breeding season could extend to monsoon (Hossain and Haque, 2005). It lays eggs between algae and rocks in the shallow waters (Daniels, 2002).
Barilius bendelisis (Faketa) Within the limits of the project sites, some fish species of migratory nature were noted based on the interactions with local fishermen, direct observations, and relevant literatures. Table 4.30 presents the list of reported fish species in terms of migratory and residential status. Table 4.30: Migratory Pattern of Fish Species
Source: Fish Survey 2010 and 2013 (Note: *LM - Long Distance Migratory Fish Species, *MM - Mid Distance Migratory Fish Species, *R - Residence) Table 4.31 and Table 4.32 present the migration period and upstream and downstream migration for the long distance and medium distance migratory fish species respectivelly. Table 4.31: Long migratory Fish Species Migration Pathways in Different Seasons
Note: ↑ upstream migration, ↓ downstream migration Table 4.32: Medium Distance Migratory Fish Species Migration Pathways in Different Seasons
Note: ↑ upstream migration, ↓ downstream migration Among 31 reported fish species, five species are long migratory species (Tor putitora, Tor tor, Bagarius yarrellii, Clupisoma garua and Anguilla bengalensis). Of the reported five species only one (Tor putitora) was observed during the fish sampling survey. Normally, all the migratory fish species should have been captured in the October sampling season, but, surprisingly, only one of the species was caught in the downstream section. It appears that the reported long range species no longer visit the upstream areas of Kabeli, however, further studies in the mid monsoon (August) are required to verify the observation during early stages of construction. This will be included in the EMP. Of the reported species, four species were medium distance migratory species (Labeo dero, Neolissoch ilus hexagonolepis, Schizothorax progastus, and Schizothorax richardsoni). Labeo dero and Neolissochilus hexagonolepis migrate from downstream to upstream in the project site and above in monsoon, and again migrate downstream with the end of monsoon from the project site as the water volume recedes and water temperature declines. These species visit the area only for spawning and return downstream after spawning. Their presence in the winter season in the project site and upstream areas is doubtful except for juveniles. The other two species Schizothorax progastus and Schizothorax richardsoni migrate downstream from the project site and further downstream in the winter to avoid the declining water temperature in the headwater catchment, and migrate to the interior headwater in the monsoon as the water temperature increases. These Schizothorax species are expected to be present in the project site throughout the year because of the location of the site between the upper and lower range of migration. The remaining species are resident species (Table 4.30). The key resident species observed are Garra spp., Barilius spp., Crossocheilus latius, Glyptothorax spp., and Psilorhnchoides pseudecneis. These species migration range is limited to a few kilometers only. 4.3.3.3.2 Species Abundance and Fish CompositionA total of 150 fishes of 12 different species were collected from the sampling stations of Kabeli River in 2010 survey. Barilius bendelisis (Fakata) contributed 36 % ; Schizothorax richardsonii (Buchche Asala) contributed 22.00 %; Labeo dero (Gardi) contributed 15.33 %; Garra gotyla (Buduna) contributed 9.33 %; Neolissocheilus hexagonolepis (Katle) contributed 4.00%; Barilius Vagra (Faketa) contributed 4.00%; Psilorhynchoides pseudecheneis (Tite) contributed 3.33 %; Schizothorax porgastus (Chuchche Asala) 2.00 %;Garra annandalei (Buduna) contributed 2.00 %; Crossocheilus latius (Lohari) contributed 0.67 %; and Glyptosterrum blythi (Tilkabre) contributed 0.67 % (Table 4.33 and 4.34). Table 4.33: Species Diversity and Distribution Pattern (2010)
Source: EIA Fish Survey, 2010 Table 4.34: Percentage Abundance at Sampling Stations (Caughtby cast net, 2010)
Source: EIA Fish Survey, 2010 In July 2013 survey, 37 fishes from nine species were caught (Table 4.35). Out of 37, Asala (Schizothorax richardsonii) had the higest capture (32.43 %), Baghi (Botia Lohachata), Kabre (Pseudecheneis sulcatus) and Gardi (Labeo dero) had the lowest capture (2.7 % each). Asala was the second largest capture in 2010. Bagai and Kabre were not caught in 2010 but were reported only in the 2013 survey. Table 4.35: Species Diversity and Distribution Pattern (2013)
Source: Additional Fish survey, July 2013 Table 4.36: Percentage Abundance at Sampling Stations (Caughtby cast net, 2013)
Source: Additional Fish survey, July 2013 In terms of species dominance the Schizothorax richardsoni is the dominant species of the project site, that had the higest capture in both samplings of 2010 and 2013. 4.3.3.3.3 Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE)A total of 150 fish species were caught at three stations.The catch per unit effort for station no. 1 is 1:0.14, for station no. 2 is 1: 0.29, and for station no. 3 is 1:0.32, with the highest ratio from the downstream to the upstream (Table 4.37). The downstream section of Kabeli closer to the Tamor confluence had the higher number and diversity of the fish species. In the recent survey conducted in July 2013, a total of 37 fishes were registered by the cast net stations. The catch per unit effort for station no. 1 is 1:0.025, for station no. 2 is 1:0.03, for station no. 3 is 1:0.065 and station no. 4 is 1:0.065 which is the highest value calculated. In the 2013 survey , the downstream section of Kabeli closer to Tamor confluence had the highest number and diversity of the fish species (Table 4.38). Table 4.37: Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) at Different Sampling Stations (2010)
Source: EIA Fish Survey, 2010 Table 4.38: Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) at Different Sampling Stations (2013)
Source: EIA Fish Survey, 2013 The caste net used for the fish sampling shows that the catch per unit effort is low in the upstream section around reservoir, while it improves in the downstream areas below the dam and near the confluence of the Kabeli and Tamor. Yüklə 3,88 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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