Chapter I. Occasional words and their features

CHAPTER II. WAYS OF FORMATION AND FUNCTIONS OF OCCASIONALISMS IN WORKS OF FICTION AND PUBLICISTIC LITERATURE
2.1. Features of the use of occasionalisms in the texts of fiction and newspaper and journalistic literature
By the method of continuous sampling from journalistic texts we selected 16 occasional formations. As examples of artistic style, the object of the research is occasional words in the novels of G. Rowling "Harry Potter"and J. Tolkien's "Lord Of The Rings". 30 occasionalisms were selected from these works.
There are a number of reasons why many writers and authors resort to the use of individual author's tumors:
a) often common words are not enough to Express an exact thought;
b) occasionalism is sometimes able to replace a combination of words or even a whole sentence, thus helping to briefly and concisely Express a certain thought;
C) occasionalism can satisfy the need to Express the author's attitude to the subject of speech, and also emphasizes its certain features and characteristics;
d) often the authors, using the unusual appearance of the word, seek to attract the attention of readers to its semantic content, wanting to make its perception less automatic and ordinary;
e) the author wants to avoid tautology;
f) the author seeks to maintain the rhythm of the verse, to bring rhyme, to achieve the necessary instrumentation.
On the basis of the already existing lexical basis, various neoplasms constantly appear in the language. John. Tolkien in his works developed a fictional language called Quenya. In the author's legendarium it is an elven language and represents a wide platform for the formation of new words and expressions characteristic of the magical world. The word quenya itself is a phonetic occasionalism, which roots go back to the Finnish language.
First of all, it is necessary to highlight the productivity of such word-formation model as word composition among the tumors characteristic of the creativity of this author. With the help of this model the following words were formed:
Eleventy-first Dwarf-candles
Gentlehobbit Elf-fountain
Goblin-barkers Elf-rune
Dwarf-make Riddermark
Nazgul
The word eleventy-first was used in conjunction with the word birthday and means "one hundred and eleventh birthday". It is formed by the compositional method with one of the foundations of eleventy being a derivative.
The word gentlehobbit was formed by analogy with the word gentleman, where the component of gentle has the meaning "gentle, kind, soft". The word hobbit itself cannot be unambiguously analyzed from the point of view of its origin. On the one hand, many tolkinists argue that it is formed from the Latin word homo (man) and from the English rabbit, and in this case we can talk about the use of blending in the formation of the word. This opinion can be inspired by the appearance of hobbits, really resembling rabbits to some extent. However, the John. Tolkien repeatedly denied such a view. In the Book" peoples of middle-earth", published by Tolkien's son on the basis of his father's unpublished materials, it is said that this word goes back to the ancient English word hol-bytla, which can be translated as "Builder of holes", the equivalent in modern English - hole builder.
Words like Dwarf-candles, dwarf-make, goblin-barkers, elf-fountain, elf-ruin is also made of the compositional method and represent objects and phenomena of relevance to this magical races like dwarves, elves and goblins.
The word Riddermark, denoting the name of the magical state in the legendarium by J. Tolkien derived from the old English ridder, and mark (area). However, in modern English, these words have changed in writing (rider), and narrowed the circle of the word mark (border).
As already mentioned above, for the creativity of J. Tolkien's is characterized by occasional incidents from the fictional language of Quenya, which makes his artistic style unique. The word nazgul, denoting a race of people" Nazgul ", comes from the Quenya language from the words Nazg (ring) and gul (Ghost).
In addition to the word hobbit, which is historically a complex word, the word Isengard also comes from ancient languages. The old English word isen (iron) and the French word gard (English guard) together form the word for Tolkien's one of the main fortresses of middle-earth Isengard.
Quite a wide range of occasional expressions in the series of books by G. Rowling is also formed by word composition, for example: