Chapter I. Occasional words and their features

2.2. The basic models of the formation of occasionalisms
After analyzing the selected examples of occasionalisms, it can be noted that most of the words are lexical occasionalisms formed using the bases and affixes. They are most common in both fiction and non-fiction literature-their number is about 66% (pic. 1). This is due to the fact that the authors are most likely to use and transform existing material. Less common in the texts are semantic occasionalisms (8%), such as ents, Men, Bag End. The percentage of phonetic occasionalisms is slightly higher-11%, for example, quenya, mumakil. Grammatical occasionalisms, which lexical semantics and grammatical form are in conflict: smole (smiled), wunk (winked). Their number is 15%.
The most common way of formation of lexical occasionalisms was word composition. The number of words formed by this method was 62% of the total (pic.2): sneakoscope, Hufflepuff, firebolt, eleventy-first, gentlehobbit, riddermark, etc. This can be explained by the nature of the English language. Word composition plays an important role in the formation of new words and is considered one of the most productive ways of word formation in the English language.
The spread of this word – formation model can be explained by two types of factors-linguistic and extralinguistic. The linguistic factors include the analytical nature of the English language, which has to create new words by adding the basics. In English, there is no broad system of endings, so this method of word formation is the most practical. The lack of a developed system of endings makes English words more mobile and active in the process of word composition. In addition, most words in English are short or monosyllabic words. Extralinguistic factors include certain events in the life of society. Language is a reflection of people's lives, what is happening in the human mind. Society is developing-language is also developing.
The second most productive model was such a method of word formation as blending. This way was formed about 22% of all lexical occasionalisms, for example: wizengamot, educrat, tandemocracy, pawsenger, etc. The relative productivity of this method of word formation can be explained by the desire of language to simplify, to the ability to express a broad concept or phenomenon with a minimum number of letters. For example, if the reader sees catnapper's occasionalism in the text, based on experience (kidnapper) and with the help of a language guess, he will be able to understand its meaning, namely "the one who steals Pets".
Approximately 15% of lexical occasionalisms was formed by affixation. In most cases, the task was to form a new part of speech from the original, necessary for further presentation, for example butcher – butchest.
Thus, there is a tendency to widespread use of the word composition in modern English.


CONCLUSION

Occasionalisms are the result of personal word creation, linguistic innovations. Few of them have the potential to become full-fledged units of the literary language.
The occasionalisms functioning in artistic speech are an effective way of influencing the addressee. The novelty of the form of occasionalism, its uniqueness attract the reader's attention, interest him, involve in the process of deciphering the meaning inherent in it by the author.
Unlike conventional methods of expression of meanings and values, occasionally in the art of speech, in journalism and in other types of discourse, has certain advantages. First, it is often considered a unique verbal means of transmission of individual author's ideas, the author's picture of the world; secondly, because of its brightness, expressiveness, freshness, unusual form and content, occasionalism serves as an effective means of influence on the addressee, as well as a means of control of his consciousness.
The occasionalisms created by the authors-publicists are of great interest to linguists, because they represent the subjective-evaluative ability of word formation and colorful examples of language play of the intellectual-author with the reader, able to evaluate his creative possibilities.
In the process of writing the research work we have achieved the goal-to identify and describe the main ways of education of occasionalisms.
When writing the research work, we studied the special literature, including the works of famous Russian and foreign linguists. We have described the theoretical basis for the study of this issue and the basic concepts of the study.
As a result of the analysis of the collected material, we came to the conclusion that lexical occasionalisms prevail in the English fiction and publicistic literature. The most productive model of the formation of occasionalisms is word composition, blending and affixation.

REFERENCES

Crystal D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language / David Crystal. – Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1995.

SOURCES OF ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL

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J.R.Tolkien. The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring. Электронный ресурс. – Режим доступа: http://freenovelonline.com/242597-the-fellowship-of-the-ring.html
J.R.Tolkien. The Lord of Rings: The Two Towers. Электронный ресурс. – Режим доступа: http://freenovelonline.com/242598-the-two-towers.html
J.R.Tolkien. The Lord of Rings: the Return of the King. Электронный ресурс. – Режим доступа: http://freenovelonline.com/242599-the-return-of-the-king.html
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Daily mail. Электронный ресурс. – Режим доступа:http://www.dailymail.co.uk/
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