Chapter I. Occasional words and their features

1.3.Methods of formation of occasionalisms
Based on the principles of economy, occasional word formation is based on the use of models operating in the language, and despite the presence of a number of distinctive features, it is necessary to note the universality of the most productive models of education, namely:
1) affixation;
2) compositional method;
3) compression (abbreviation);
4) semantic derivation;
5) the conversion of;
6) onomatopoeia;
7) reduplication.
Affixation is considered to be one of the most productive ways of forming new lexical units.
In General, in word formation there are noticeable tendencies to create a variety of multicomponent, composite structures, the productivity of which, of course, is associated with newly acquired by adding parameters of tumors: information content, capacity, expressiveness, emotionality. The components of a complex sub-standard word are often neutral units, receiving stylistic reduction and expressiveness in addition, as, for example, "stick-insert-legged".
The productivity of these formations is based on the typological features of the English language, the main indicator of which is its one-morphemic structure and adjacency as a method of syntactic communication [Arakin 2000 : 228]. This feature of the English language is also associated with the productivity of occasional conversion as a method of word formation based on the non-affix transition of the lexical unit to another part of speech when changing the paradigm. EDS. Kubrakova considering conversive derivation from a position of semantic shift metonymic nature, as during the conversion the value of the derivative of the sign takes on added significance (cf a gun ‘gun’ → a gun ‘shooter’, ie. ‘the man with the gun’). The conversion element is also present when converting onomatopoeia (for example, "mwa" – the sound of a kiss) into a full-fledged word with partial characteristics.
I would also like to mention one more sub – standard way of word formation in the English language-reduplication. Based on the addition of elements, reduplication meets all the requirements of the sub-standard subsystem: explicit and implicit expressiveness and axiology: Musi-pusi, the main muck. The rhythm and Rhyme of a complex occasional reduplicate determine the productivity of reduplication in children's and adults 'speech when addressing children:" should we play fairies? Rebecca was Trilling, changing tactics, trying to take Constance by the hand. “You live in a fairy tale castle? Is Harry a fairy, too? Where are your magical hairy friends?"[Fielding, Bridget Jones: the edge of reason]
Special attention should be paid to the occasionalisms that are formed in the translation from a foreign language. From the point of view of translation, occasionalisms often refer to the so – called non-equivalent vocabulary-lexical units of the source language that do not have regular (dictionary) matches in the target language. Occasional innovations are new emotional, expressive words that have appeared in the language and that have a specific purpose. This goal is usually to draw the reader's attention to certain events. And given the fact that these are new words, they do not have their equivalents in the language of translation, and even more than that, the translation of these words is quite a big difficulty. The fact is that the translator, when translating occasional innovations, should try to preserve this expressiveness, which presents certain difficulties
speeches.