Hard systems modeling tools: value chain bio-economic models for decision support in the development of equitable and sustainable value chain150,151 , logistics analysis tools to understand the performance of transport, delivery and support networks for smallholder farmer inputs (e.g. seed) and outputs (e.g. grain)152.
System change models and frameworks: agricultural innovation systems analysis to diagnose and design the patterns of partnership and practice needed to enable innovation153: multi-level perspectives on systems transitions to help design interventions to cascade systems changes and scaling154. Agri-food system lock-in analysis to identify practice, capacity and policy bottlenecks and to guide mitigation interventions155.
