Dan’s Course on Islam
Hunayn: = A dry riverbed near Mecca where Muhammad defeated the last large-scale resistance to him in Arabia. Hudna
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Hunayn: = A dry riverbed near Mecca where Muhammad defeated the last large-scale resistance to him in Arabia.
welcome righteous men into Paradise and entertain them.
month of Ramazan to break the fast. Ihram = An all consuming intention of the heart to fulfill all the rites of pilgrimage. A special time during the Haj that all Muslims refrain from normal life and dwell on nothing but religious matters.
“convergence” as in “convergence of opinion” and the principle is based on a saying of Muhammad, “My community will never agree on an error.” (Dawud, Book 35, No. 4240)
matter by scholarly Muslim leadership, is another source for settling matters with affect Muslims. The first two or three centuries of the Hejira, was called the period of original thinking (ijihad). İman = Doctrine of faith; required beliefs in Islam such as God, angles, prophets, holy scriptures, and the Day of Judgement. Distinguished from this are Muslim practices (din). İmam = (Hojah, Şheikh) Leader of worship or religious leader of a mosque. The person who leads communal prayers and/or delivers the sermon on Fridays. Shia Muslims use this term to refer to one who is considered to be a descendant of Ali. This is because the hosue of Ali is revered by them as the sacred line designated by Allah to assume leadership. Injil = The Gospel, or book given to Jesus, used by Muslims for the New Testament. According to Islam the original book has been lost and only the corrupted Christian version remains. Denotes the inspired sayings of Jesus, or the message of Jesus.
İnshallah = (En sh’Allah) God willing İntifada = Palestinian uprising against the Jews. Means “shaking off” or “an abrupt and sudden waking up from sleep.” The first intifada started in 1987 and lasted nearly six years and 80 Israelis and 1,070 Palestinians were killed. In just the first year of the 2nd intifada (Dec 2000 > Dec 2001 232 Israelis and 904 Palestinians were killed. İrtidad = Apostasy punishable by death for males. Females may be kept in confinement until they repent. İsa = The Arabic name for Jesus. İsha = Prayers said well after midnight. İsnad = A discernable chain of transmission for the hadith. Whenever a Hadith is quoted the supporting chain of people (isnad) who passed on the information is often quoted with the text.
It literally means “submission” or “surrender” (to the will of Allah); used in reference to the nation of believers and their faith. Jammat = The Arabic word for assembly, usually used to mean "group" or "denomination" Jannah = (Jennet)The heavenly garden, Paradise. The place of the faithful in the afterlife. Jahiliyah = The age or time of ignorance, a time of barbarism in pre-Islamic Arabia. Janissaries = In 1339 Sultan Murad I founded the janissary corps, a crack force of young men who were seized from their Christian families as boys, enslaved, and forcibly converted to Islam to fight for the Ottoman Empire against Christianity. Jerusalem = The city from which Muhammad is supposed to have ascended to Paradise on his Night Journey. Jibril = (Gabriel). The angelic being who is supposed to have been the medium of revelation of the Quran to Muhammad.
a term sometimes used generally, but also specifically, to designate either a war waged in accordance with the Sharia (law) in defense of the faith or the personal struggle to overcome one’s imperfections and baser impulses in order to become a better Muslim. A continuous holy war waged agianst all non-Muslims to advance Islam.
Some are good and some are bad. They are a supernatural, invisible race of beings, below angles. They were made from fire and are capable of looking like humans or animals. Some may dwell in rocks, trees, etc, and may possess black dogs, and black cats. There are good and bad Jinn and all will be judged on the Judgement Day. Jizya = An extra poll-tax levied on all those living wherever Islam rules but who have not (yet) submitted to that which Islam enforces. This levy is meant to afford a degree of protection, has to be paid individually at a humiliating public ceremony to remind non-muslim minorities that they are inferior to the believers, the Muslims. It literally means “tribute” or “penalty”. (Cf. 9.29)
the mosque. The Muslim sabbath. Ka’aba = (Ka’ba or Ka’bah) The cube like structure in the Central courtyard of the Grand Mosque in Mecca which encases the black stone (thought to be a meteorite) 30ft. wide, 40 ft. long & 50 ft. high. The point toward which Muslims pray and the focal point of the hajj. It contained 360 idols, one for approximately each day of the year. It was in fact a shrine to the idols of several hundred gods in the time of Muhamamd, and he simply took it over and incorporated it into his own religion.
and the message of the Qur’an. A Non-Muslim. Kafir harbi = An Arabic term for non-Muslims who can be legally killed. Kafya = The headdress worn by Arab males. Kahin = Soothsayer. Kalima = The Word. Kalimat Shahada= “La ilaha il Allah” the Muslim confessional creed that Allah is the One God. Kelamullah = (Kalamu’llah) The Word of Allah. A title given to the Quran and also used of Jesus. Kalimatuhu = The fiat (command, decree) of God. Katil = (Qatl) Murder. Khalifa = (Caliph) God’s stewards. The position of supreme leader over Muslims; usually the title is used to refer to one of Muhammad's four successors.
-wide Muslim government which administers totally through Islamic law.
prayer.
Kismet = Fate, fatalism al-Kitab = The Book. A term used to refer to the Qur’an and the Scriptures of Jews and Christians. Kifiyeh = Headdress. Kor’an = alternate spelling for the Qur’an. Kufr = (Kufur) Disbelif Lailat ul-Qadr = (Laylat al Qadr) Night of Power or Destiny, when revelation was sent on the 27th night of the month of Ramazan. During the visitation Muhammad was ordered to read (or recite or cry out).
the sun, worshipped by ancient Arabians. Madjinun = (Majdun) One possessed by a jinn. A poet possessed (37:35-36, 68:2, 52:28, 81:22) Madrasa = A building that houses an institution of higher learning. Mahabbah = Love of Allah. Mahound = Oxford English Dictionary =
Websters New Universal Unabridged Dictionary =
Mahr = A sum of money which the bridegroom pays to the bride in classical Islam. Mahram = Males to whom a woman cannot be married. A woman’s mahram is any relative to whom she canot be married, such as her father, brother, uncle, nephew, stepfather, father-in-law, or son-in-law. The Prophet said: “She who believes in Allah and the Last Day must not travel any distance that is normally covered by one day’s and one night’s traveling unless accompanied by a mahram.” She is allowed to travel with her husband as a matter of course. Maksiat = Sinful act Malikites = (Melkites) Greek Catholics M’amalat = Ethics al-Manat = A goddess of fate or death worshipped by ancient Arabians. Mansukh = The Abrogated: A term used for a verse or sentence of the Quran which has been abrogated by a later revelation.
good and general welfare said after a compliment or mentioning a blessing in order to keep away the jinn or evil eye. Mashur = someone acting or speaking as a medium of evil spirits. (44:13, 25:8, 17:47, 81:22) al-Masih = The Messiah Masjid = (Mesjid) Mosque; any place where worship is performed in groups. In general useage a “Masjid” can be a formal and freestanding mosque or a room in a house or apartment building used for Muslim prayers.
I, in the year of the Elephant estimated to be August 29, 570 AD.
for trade and pilgrimage in pre-Islamic Arabia. The holiest city in Islam and must be visited for pilgrimage by all Muslims who are physically and financially able.
Mecca, in which Muhammad first became a political and military leader after his flight there (Hijra). The 2nd most holy city in Islam and the burial place of Muhammad. Muhammad fled to Medina after announcing Islam. Merhaba = (marhaba) Hello. Mehdi = (Mahdi) A long awaited divinely guided Islamic ruler who is to appear on earth. The Islamic “Messiah” who will appear at the end of time to combat the “Dajjal”, or antichrist, who will eventually be destroyed by “Issa”, the Muslim Jesus. Then the Mehdi will bring the universal worship of Allah in the form of global Islam.
indicating the direction of Mecca. Mina, plain of = A large plain within the bounds of the harram (sancturary) of Mecca, five kilometers from the city. During the Hajj pilgrims spend the night between the eithth and ninth day and continue to Arafat on the ninth day.
summons to prayer is called by a “muezzin”. Minbar = The pulpit in a mosque from which the khutbah (sermon) is spoken. Mi’raj = The night journey of Muhammad in which he dreamed he was taken from the Ka’ba in Mecca to Jerusalem’s holy temple from which he went for a brief visit with Allah in heaven. Monophysites = A heretical Chrisitian sect who held that Jesus’s human nature had been absorbed into his divine nature, and who were bitter rivals of the Nestorians. They emphasized the divinity of Jesus and gave the impression that Jesus was not fully human. They practiced hospitality, almsgiving, fasting and obliged their women to be veiled when out of doors. Mortad = The law of apostasy. Mosque = A place of worship where Muslims gather for prayers and other congregational meetings. Islamic law states that all Muslim men must attend prayers and a sermon at a Mosque at noon every Friday. Other worship (prayer five times a day) may be accomplished anywhere but should be conducted on a prayer rug.
Muhammad received his revelations from the angel Gabriel in a cave called Gharat.
their mourning by reciting the Qur’an over the graves of the dead relatives.
“minaret” of a mosque five times a day to summon the faithful.
He assists the Qadi (qazi) or judge and supplies him with fatwas, or decisions. He must be learned in the Koran and Hadith, and in the Muslim works of law.
Muhajir = Immigrant, one who leaves his home town to join a Muslim community. Mullah = Teacher or religious scholar or cleric who is trained in the Islamic laws. He acts as the head of a Mosque.
an adherent of Islam (sometimes Moslem). A follower of Islam and Muhammad.
example: Female circumcision [female genital mutilation] is commendable (mustahabb).
Islamic country as a messenger, merchant, visitor, or student wanting to learn about Islam. Muslims are forbidden to hurt him in any way.
Islamic faith. Mutawwa = The “morals” or “religious police” are members of the “Committee for Enforcing the Right and Forbidding the Wrong” in Saudi Arabia. Men who seek out, arrest, and punish those who do not abide by Saudi religious law.
anything that diminishes the glorification of one God, Allah. Supports radical Islam and over the last 250 years involves many conflicts between Muslims. They advocate the establishment of a Muslim state based on a literal understanding of the Quran and Hadith based on Islamic Law. Nabi = (Nabbi) Prophet (seer). Najd = The traditional name for central Arabia. The inhabitants of this area are known for their conservative behavior. The ruling family of Saudia Arabia are Najdis. Najis: = Unclean. Nas = The multitude of people who are not dedicated to Allah and sway to and fro to various teachings. Nasara = A word used in the Qur’an to designate those who are Christians. Nasikh = The Abrogator: When speaking with people of Christianized/Western societies, Muslim activists deliberately hide a major Islamic doctrine called "al-Nasikh wal-Mansoukh" (the Abrogator and the Abrogated). This simply means that in situations wherein verses contradict one another, the early verses are overridden by the latter verses.
Western psychology. Nestorians = A sect of Christians in Arabia at the time of Muhammad who were anathematized at the 3rd ecumenical council in Ephesus in 431 for refusing to confess the unity of Jesus’s Divine Personhood. They accepted the two natures of Jesus (divine and human) but thought that they were separate. Their clergy prostrated themselves on the ground facing eastward whenever they prayed.
bliss and fruit (69:21-24), has rivers (3:198), with maidens pure and holy (4:57), and carpets and cushions (88:8-16). It is the hope of all Muslims. PBUH = Peace Be Upon Him. Muslims show their respect for all “the prophets” by using this expression whenever they mention their names in speech or in writing. It is generally used after the word “Muhammad” is used.
1964 as a Palestinian nationalist organization dedicated to the establishment of an independent Palestinian state. In 1974 the PLO was recognized at the Summit Conference of the Arab League at Rabat Morocco as ‘the sole leitimate representative’ of the Palestinian people. Yasser Arafat, as Chariman of the PLO he said, “I have come bearing an olive branch and a freedom fighters gun. Do not let the olive branch fall from my hand.”
their homes. This total seclusion of females can occur in some Muslim countries.
things, good and bad, are preordained to occur. Similar to extreeme Calvinism.
prayers, towards Mecca. Qiyas = Analogy or analytical reasoning by Muslim scholars, employed as a means for ascertaining answers for Muslim thought and practice.
disputes. Quraish = (Quryash) the prominent Arab tribe that controlled the Ka’ba during Muhammad’s time and from which Muhammad traced his lineage.
recital”; the book of recitations of the word of Allah as dictated to Muhammad by the angel Gabriel (Jabra’il) over a period of 23 years. It is the final revelation of Allah given to the prophet Muhammad. It has 114 surahs, or chapters. Rak’ah = (Rakaat) A regimented obligatory prayer of Muslims One complete cycle of sacred words and gestures during the ritual prayer.
during the 9th month of the lunar year, which is why the dates change every year. Muslims believe that it was during this month that Allah revealed the Qur’an to the Prophet Muhammad. During this month Muslims fast from sunrise to sunset as one of the Five Pillars of Islam.
Rasul = Allah’s messenger or apostle who brings a revelation from Allah to be written down as Scripture.
God.
Ruhul-hayah = The spirit that rises from the body during death.
Ruhul-tamayiz = The spirit that rises from the body during sleep and causes dreams. Sadqa = A voluntary offering, often to prevent misfortune. Sahih = Reliable, used concerning the hadith. Sahih Sittah = The six books of hadith that Sunni Muslims consider most authentic. Salaam = Arabic word for peace. “asSalaam alaykum” means “Peace be unto you” a common Muslim greeting. Salaat = Prayers Satanic verses = Najm 53:19-23; Hajj 22:51-53 At one point Muhammad identifies three pagan idols as being valid, thereby temporarily making Islam a polytheistic religion (and appeasing his Quraysh critics), but later changes his mind saying that Satan had corrupted his thinking.
Shiite: Twelvers, Seveners, Druze, Zaydis, Alawites (Alevis)
headed by Aga Khan. They differ with the Twelvers on the issue of succession. A shiite sub-sect. Shafities = Followers of Al-Shafi’i (d.820) who lived in Baghdad and Egypt. His position represented a compromise between the Maliki and Hanafi Schools, and rejected the role of private judgement.
of belief in Islam. To bear witness to the creed of Islam that: “There is only one God, Allah, and Muhammad is his Prophet.” “La ilaha illa Allah, Muhammad rasul Allah”.
death to bering about the world of Islam. Shalom = Peace. Shari’a = Islamic law and its interpretaton; the whole body of rules governing both the individual Muslim as well as the Muslim community. Literally means “the way to the watering hole.” Muslims who practice Sharia law define it as a strict interpretation of the Qur’an. However, many Muslims and Muslim nations choose not to adopt Sharia law because of disagreement over how the Qur’an is interpreted. Sharia law is controversial because it often defies many human rights issues, resulting in murder, beheading, removal of hands or feet, and so on when a Muslim or non-Muslim disobeys the laws of the Qur’an. Sheik = (Shaikh, Sheikh) A recognized Muslim leader or master of a tribe or community. Shi’ite: = (Shi’a or Twelvers) Partisans of Ali. A major branch of Islam whose adherents hold that Ali was Muhammad’s legitimate successor because he was his son-in-law. About 15% of Muslims are Shi’ites. One of two major sects, ie. Sunni.
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