Definitie Verbul este partea de vorbire care: a exprima actiuni, procese sau stari; b are categorii gramaticale de persoanasi numar comune cu alte parti de vorbire si categoriile specifice de timp, mod, aspect si diateza
Participiul trecut (The Past Participle)
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- 1.18.2. Caracteristicile verbale ale participiului trecut
- 1.18.3. Caracteristicile adjectivale ale participiului trecut.
- 1.18.5. Functiile sintactice ale participiului trecut.
- 1.18.7. Conjugarea verbului call
- 1.19. Verbele auxiliare (Auxiliary Verbs) 1.19.1.
- 1.19.2. Forme verbale contrase
- 1.19.3. Be, was/were, been (a fi).
- 1.19.4. Have, had, had (a avea).
- 1.19.5. Shall, should Shall, Should
- 1.19.9. a) Do, does
- 1.20. Verbele modale (Modal Verbs) 1.20.1.
- 1.20.2. Caracteristicile verbelor modale.
1.18. Participiul trecut (The Past Participle) 1.18.1. Participiul trecut este forma nepersonala a verbului care denumeste actiunea ca rezultat. Participiul trecut al verbelor regulate se formeaza de la infinitiv, la care se adauga terminatia -ed: listen - listened, move - moved, carry - carried, stop - stopped, etc. (Pentru particilaritatile fonetice si ortografice ale formei în -ed, vezi &1.6.3.) Pentru forma de participiu trecut a verbelor neregulate, vezi lista principalelor verbe neregulate, pp.12 - 16.
1.18.2. Caracteristicile verbale ale participiului trecut: a) Participiul trecut este folosit la formarea diatezei pasive, împreuna cu verbul be: Fresh fruit and vegetables are sold here. Aici se vând fructe si legume proaspete. b) Participiul trecut este întrebuintat la formarea timpurilor perfecte ale verbelor, împreuna cu verbul auxiliar have: Present Perfect: He has read the book. El a citit cartea. Past Perfect: He had read the book. El citise cartea. Future Perfect: He will have read the book. El va fi citit cartea. Past Conditional: He would have read the book. El ar fi citit cartea. Nota: Verbul go si mai rar come pot reda idea de perfect prezent si respectiv de mai-mult-ca-perfect, cu ajutorul verbului be la prezent sau Past Tense (în loc de auxiliarul have): The plumber is come. A sosit instalatorul. The quest were gone. Musafirii plecasera. 1.18.3. Caracteristicile adjectivale ale participiului trecut. Participiul trecut are si caracteristici adjectivale, putând functiona ca un adjectiv în propozitie. Sublinierea, fie a naturii verbale a participiului trecut, fie a celei adjectivale, reiese din pozitia acestuia. Când se accentueaza caracterul verbal, participiul urmeaza substantivul, functionând ca un înlocuitor al unei propozitii relative: The things not wanted were given away (= which were not wanted). Când este accentuat aspectul adjectival al participiului, el se aseaza înaintea substantivului: These are portraits of wanted persons.
a) participiul unor verbe regulate (aged, beloved, learned, cursed, blessed) îsi schimba pronuntia, adaugând un [id] silabic:
Participiul trecut Adjectiv din participiu: He was aged.???? He was beloved ???? by his students. He has learned ???? this lesson. He is an aged ???? man. Our beloved ???? country. He is a learned ???? man. b) Unele verbe neregulate au forme la participiul trecut: una folosita ca participiu, cealalta ca adjectiv (care poate aparea fie singur, fie în anumite combinatii): Participiu trecut: Adjectiv din participiu: The little child was beaten by the bigger boys. We have drunk too much coffee. The steel has melted. He was dead-beat (mort de oboseala) after the day’s work. A drunken man is unpleasant to look at. (folosirea atributiva a adjectivului) dar si: He was half - drunk. (folosirea predicativa a adjectivului) The tree was struck by lightning. The lawn was mown/mowed yesterday. She has sewn/sewed a dress. He has just shaved. They have shourn/sheared the sheep. The shirt has shrunk. The ship has sunk. He has sown/sowed the field. He has spilt/spilled the milk. They have spoilt/spoiled the child. They have worked here. Molten steel.gold/lava (atributiv), pentru metale, dar: melted butter/snow. He was grief stricken (folosit predicativ). He was panic stricken (folosit predicativ). He was terror stricken (folosit predicativ). He was stricken with fever. Mown grass/hay (doar atributiv) A handsewn dress. A cleanshaven man. A shorn lamb. Shrunken clothes. Sunken eyes. Sown seeds. Spilt milk. A spoilt child. Wrought iron; wrought-up nerves. 1.18.5. Functiile sintactice ale participiului trecut. Participiul trecut îndeplineste functiile sintactice de:
a) atribut: There is the Lost Property Office. Acolo este biroul de obiecte gasite. b) nume predicativ: He was, impressed by her kindness. A fost impresionat de bunatatea ei. c) parte dintr-un complement direct complex (Acuzativ cu participiu trecut): I want it done immediately. Vreau ca aceasta sa fie facuta imediat. d) parte dintr-un complement circumstantial (de timp, cauza, conditie, comparatie), deseori precedat de conjunctiile when, if, as if/as though etc.: Struck with the emotion in his tone, she turned and looked at him.Impresionata de emotia care se simtea în vocea lui, (ea) se întoarse si-l privi. She kept silent AS IF puzzled by my words. Tacea ca si când cuvintele mele i-ar fi stârnit nedumerirea. 1.18.6. Traducere. Participiul trecut se traduce de obicei în limba româna printr-un participiu sau printro propozitie subordonata: He looked at the clerk bent over the papers. Privi la functionarul aplecat peste hârtii. The preparations for the birthday party completed, I went out to buy a birthday cook. Dupa ce am terminat pregatirile pentru aniversare, am iesit sa cumpar un tort. pag: 055 1.18.7. Conjugarea verbului call Timpul Diateza activa Diateza pasiva Aspectul simplu Aspectul continuu
Aspectul simplu Aspectul continuu
Indicativul prezent
I call I am calling I am called I am being called
Perfectul prezent
I have called I have been I have been called
- Past Tense I called I was calling I was called I was being called Mai mult ca perfect I had called I had been calling I had been called - Viitorul apropiat I am going to call I am going to be calling I am going to be called - Viitorul simplu I shall/will call I shall/ will be calling I shall/will be called -
will have called I shall/will have been calling I shall/will have been called - Subjonctivul I call I should call etc.
I be calling I should be calling etc. I be called I should be called etc. - Conditionalul prezent I should/ would call I should/would be calling I should/would be called. - Conditionalul trecut I should/ would have called
I should/would have been calling I should/would have been called
- Imperativul Let me call ! Call ! Let me bbe calling ! Be calling ! Let me be called !
Be called ! - Infinitivul prezent call be calling be called - Infinitivul perfect
have called have been calling
have been called
- Participiul prezent si Gerund
calling - being called - Participiul si Gerund-ul perfect
having called
- having been called
- Participiul trecut called - called - pag: 056 1.19. Verbele auxiliare (Auxiliary Verbs) 1.19.1. Verbele auxiliare au urmatoarele caracterisitici: 1) sunt golite de sens lexical: I shall leave after he comes. Voi pleca dupa ce vine el. Nota: Unele verbe auxiliare (will/would, shall/should, may/might) pot fi folosite si ca verbe modale: You should see this film. Trebuie sa vezi filmul acesta. Alte verbe auxiliare pot fi folosite si ca verbe notionale, având un sens lexical propriu în anumite contexte: I have a book. Am o carte. Do this translation, please, will you. Fa te rog aceasta traducere. 2) îndeplinesc functia de marca a categoriilor gramaticale de diateza, mod, timp, persoana si numar la verbele pe care le însotesc: She was offered flowers. I s-au oferit flori. 3) înlocuiesc verbele notionale în raspunsurile scurte si întrebarile disjunctive (la fel ca si verbele modale): A: Do you like this book ? B: Yes, I do. He has written a good composition, hasn’t he ? 4) din punct de vedere al pronuntarii si ortografiei, verbele auxiliare apar adesea sub forme reduse, contrase, ele fiind de obicei neaccentuate în vorbire. Folosirea formelor contrase este caracteristica vorbirii curente si exprimarii familiare în scris. Nota: Unele forme contrase sunt caracteristice exprimarii dialectale sau vorbirii necultivate. He ain’t no fool (= He is no fool) El nu e prost deloc. Ele apar ca forme incorecte din punct de vedre gramatical în raport cu limba standard. 1.19.2. Forme contrase constau în scrutarea berbelor auxiliare la forma afirmativasi a negatiei not la forma negativa: I’ve got a book. I haven’t got a book. O forma contrasa poate avea mai multe valori: He’s come = He has come. He’s here = He is here. Formele contrase ale verbelor auxiliare si modale (la afirmativ si la negativ cu adverbul not contras) sunt urmatoarele:
Forma contrasa În loc de Forma contrasa În loc de ‘ve (i’ve, you’ve etc.)
‘s (he’s etc.) ‘d ‘m (I’m) ‘re (you’re etc.) ‘ll (I’ll, you’ll etc.) don’t doesn’t
didn’t can’t
couldn’t mustn’t
have 1) has 2) is 1) had 2) should 3) would am are 1) shall 2) will
do not does not
did not cannot
could not must not
haven’t hadn’t
isn’t aren’t
wasn’t weren’t
shan’t shouldn’t won’t wouldn’t
daren’t needn’t
let’s “lemme”
“ain’t” have not
had not is not
are not was not
were not shall not should not will not
would not dare not
need not let us
let me 1) am not 2) is not
Atentie ! Formele contrase ale verbelor auxiliare la afirmativ nu pot fi folosite: a) în raspunsurile scurte: Has he got a new bicycle ? Yes, he has. b) în propozitii interogative: Shall we go to cinema ? Where did he go ? c) în partea finala a întrebarilor disjunctivale: He wasn’t there, was he ? d) când sunt accentuate, pentru subliniere: He was at the conference. I did see him there. 1.19.3. Be, was/were, been (a fi). Verbul be, Past Tense: was, were, participiul trecut been, apare în structura: a) aspectului continuu (be + participiul prezent): Diateza activa Diateza pasiva Infinitive: be reading Present: He is reading. Past: He was reading. Future: He will be reading. Conditional: He would be reading. Infinitive Perfect: Have been reading. Present Perfect: He had been reading. Future Perfect: He will have been reading. Conditional Perfect: He would have been reading.
I is being read. It was being read. ------ b) a diatezei pasive (be + participiul trecut): Infinitive: be read. Perfect Infinitive: have been read Gerund: being read. Perfect Gerund: having been read. Present: It is read. Present perfect: It has been read. Past: It was read. Past Perfect: It had been read. Future: It will be read. Future Perfect: It will have been read. Conditional: It would be read. Conditional Perfect: It would have been read. 1.19.4. Have, had, had (a avea). Verbul have, Past Tense: had, participiul trecut: had, apare, atât la diateza activa, cât si la cea pasiva, în structura formelor perfecte: Diateza activa Diateza pasiva Perfect Infinitive: have read Perfect Gerund: having read. Present Perfect: He has read. Past Perfect: He had read. Future Perfect: He will have read. Conditional Perfect: We would have read. have been read having been read It has been read It had been read It will have been read It would have been read
a) la ambele diateze, în structura timpurilor viitoare, modul indicativ si ale timpurilor modului conditional, la persoana I singular si plural: Diateza activa Diateza pasiva Future: I shall give Future Perfect: I shall have given. Conditional:I should give I shall be given I shall have been given I should be given Conditional Perfect: I should have given I should have been given Nota: Should + infinitiv este folosit si ca viitor-în-trecut (Future in the Past): I said I should do it. Am spus ca am s-o fac. b) la toate persoanele, pentru formarea subjonctivului analitic: It’s strange that they should be here now. It’s strange that they should have been here. 1.19.6. Will, would intra în componenta acelorasi forme verbale ca si shall, should (viitor si conditional), la persoanele a II-a si a III-a singular si plural, iar în vorbire, si la persoana I singular si plural: Diateza activa: Diateza pasiva: Future: He will give. Future Perfect: He will have given. Conditional: He will give. Conditional Perfect: He would have given. He will be given. He will have been given. He would be given. He would have been given. Nota: Would + infinitiv este folosit si ca viitor-în-trecut: He said be would do it. A spus ca o s-o faca.
circumstantiale de scop: Hurry up, so that we may arrive in time. Grabeste-te ca sa ajungem la timp. They hurried so that they might arrive in time. S-au grabit ca sa ajunga la timp.
Let me think ! Let us think ! Let him think ! Let them think !
verbelor notionale la timpul Present Simple, respectiv Past Tense Simple: Do you live in this town ? Locuiesti în acest oras ? Does he work here ? Lucreaza aici ? Did he attend this school ? A urmat aceastascoala ? I don’t like it. He doesn’t understand. They didn’t go. Nota: 1. Verbul auxiliar be primeste auxiliarul do la imperativul negativ: Don’t be silly ! Nu fi prost(ut) ! 2. Verbul have formeaza interogativul si negativul cu ajutorul lui do în engleza vorbita si în varianta americana a limbii engleze: I don’t have enough time to do this. N-am destul timp ca sa fac asta. b) Do apare în structura formei negative a modului imperativ: Don’t listen to that nonsense. Don’t let’s listen to that nonsense. c) Do este întrebuintat pentru sublinierea predicatului la forma afirmativa a indicativului, timpurile prezent si Past Tense si a imperativului, în care situatie este accentuat: She does make all her dresses herself. Într-adevar îsi face toate rochiile singura. Do read this letter to me. Citeste-mi te rog, scrisoarea.
Vazuta ca posibila, probabila, necesara, obligatorie, de dorit etc.: It might rain later. S-a putea sa ploua mai târziu. You must meet him at the station. Trebuie sa-l astepti la gara. Din punct de vedere al caracteristicilor formale, verbele modale englezesti se împart în: 1) verbe notionale exprimând modalitatea (want, wish, order, oblige, advise, intend, mean, prefer, etc.) care se comporta ca celelalte verbe notionale: He wants to see the play. Vrea sa vada piesa. Don’t oblige him to do this. Nu-l obliga sa faca asta. 2) verbe modale defective (Defective Modal Verbs) (can/could, may/might, must, have to, shall/should, will/would, ought to, be to, used to, need, dare), care exprima de asemenea modalitatea, dar care din punct de vedere formal, prezinta anumite caracteristici. Nota: Termenul de verbe modale folosit pe parcursul lucrarii se refera la verbele modale defective.
a) sunt defective, adica le lipsesc anumite forme verbale. În consecinta, nu pot fi conjugate la toate modurile si timpurile. Formele pe care le au verbele modale pot fi folosite pentru redarea mai multor timpuri si moduri. Can, may, must, need si dare, de exemplu, exprima indicativul prezent: I can help you. Daca ele sunt însa urmate de un adverb de timp viitor, actiunea exprimata de verbul la infinitiv se refera la un moment viitor: I can only help you next week. Am sa te pot ajuta abia saptamâna viitoare. Formele aparent trecute ale verbelor modale au valori: - de Past Tense, conditional si subjonctiv (could, would, might): I could skate when I was a child. stiam sa patinez când eram copil. I could help you if you wanted me to. As putea sa te ajut daca ai dori. She lent him the camera so that he could take photos on the trip. I-am împrumutat aparatul de fotografiat ca sa faca fotografii în excursie. Nota: Might poate fi folosit cu valoare de Past Tense doar în vorbirea indirecta: She said you might go. - de conditional si subjonctiv (should): I should like to come tomorrow if you don’t mind. As dori sa vin mâine, daca nu te deranjeaza. He demanded we should come the next day. A cerut sa venim a doua zi. - la unele forme care le lipsesc, verbele modale sunt înlocuite de perifraze modale, de anumite constructii cu sens modal (Modal Equivalents): can - be able to; must - have to; may - be allowed to/permitted to: Present: You may go now. Poti / Ai voie sa pleci acum. Past Tense: He was allowed go to. I s-a permis / dat voie sa plece. Past Perfect: He had been allowed to go out and play before they left. I se permisese sa iasa afara sa se joace înainte ca ei sa plece. b) nu primesc s la persoana a III-a singular (cu exceptia lui be to si have to): He must see this play. Trebuie sa vada aceasta piesa. c) formeaza interogativul si negativul fara ajutorul auxiliarului do/did (cu exceptia lui have to): Must you do this ? Trebuie sa faci asta ? She cannot swim. Nu stie sa înoate, dar: Do you have to type that report ? Trebuie sa dactilografiezi raportul ? pag: 060 d) sunt urmate de infinitivul scurt al verbelor notionale (cu exceptia lui be to, have to, ought to): She can cook. stie sa gateasca, dar: He has to get up early every day. Trebuie sa se scoale devreme în fiecare zi. Când sunt urmate de infinitivul prezent, verbele modaqle se refera la o actiune prezenta sau viitoare: He might be there now. S-ar putea ca el sa fie acolo acum. She might come later. Ea s-ar putea sa vina mai târziu. Când sunt urmate de infinitivul prezent, verbele modale se refera la o acftiune prezenta sau viitoare: He might be there now. S-ar putea ca el sa fie acolo acum. She might come later. ea s-ar putea sa vina mai târziu.
Când sunt urmate de infinitivul perfect, actiunea exprimata de verbul notional are un caracter trecut, de anterioritate: He might have been here before we arrived. S-ar putea sa fi fost aici înainte sa sosim noi. e) pe plan sintactic, verbele modale defective alcatuiesc un predicat verbal compus împreuna cu un alt verb la infinitiv: You can buy a TV-set in instalments. Poti sa cumperi un televizor în rate. În cadrul predicatului verbal compus, verbele modale îndeplinesc o functie dubla: - functia gramaticala de marca a timpului: He can skate now. stie sa patineze acum. He could skate when he was a child. stia sa patineze când era copil. - functia lexicala de exprimare a modalitatii: She can type. stie sa bata la masina. You needn’t type this. Nu este nevoie sa bati asta la masina.
Could este folosit pentru toate persoanele la Past Tense si subjonctiv-conditional. Can/could poate exprima: 1) capacitatea (fizica sau intelectuala) de efectuare a unei actiuni: Tom can speak three foreign languages. Tom stie trei limbi straine. I could run faster than you last year. Puteam sa alerg mai repede decât tine anul trecut. Nota: Can urmat de un verb de perceptie senzoriala (see, hear etc,) corespunde aspectului continuu al verbului respectiv: I can see the car now. I can hear footsteps. Can exprimând capacitatea fizica sau intelectuala (ability) este înlocuit de be able to/be capable of/know how to:
Prezent: I can ski now/I am able to ski now. (mai putin frecvent) Past Tense: I could skate when I was a child. stiam sa patinez când eram copil. (capacitatea de a patina în general). Although it was very cold yesterday, we were able to skate for an hour. Desi a fost foarte frig ieri, am reusit sa patinam o ora. (capacitatea de a patina - manifestata în anumite conditii, în special nefavorabile). Viitor: I’ll be able to skate next year. Conditional: Would you be able to manage by yourself if it was necessary ? Could you manage by yourself if it was necessary ? Te-ai putea descurca singur daca ar fi nevoie ? Atentie ! Diferenta de sens între could si was/were able to se pierde la negativ sau cu verbe de perceptie: I couldn’t ski yesterday as the weather was very bad. I wasn’t able to ski yesterday as the weather was very bad. I couldn’t see him in the dark. I wasn’t able to see him in the dark. pag: 061 2) Can este folosit pentru a exprima permisiunea, ca o alternativa a lui many în exprimarea familiara: A: Can I borrow your umbrella ? B: Of course you can. Pot sa iau umbrela ta ? Desigur. Could este folosit pentru a exprima permisiunea în trecut: On Sundays we could stay in bed until ten o’clock. Duminica aveam voie sa stam în pat pâna la ora 10. În acest sens, can/could poate fi înlocuit de be allowed to, be permitted to: On Sundays we were allowed to stay in bed until ten o’clock. 3) Posibilitatea datorita circumstantelor se exprima astfel: Prezent: You can ski at Predeal now. There is enough snow. Past Tense: We could ski at Predeal last year. There was enough snow. Viitor: It will be possible for you to ski at Predeal, there will be plenty of snow in December. You will be able to ski at Predeal, there will be plenty of snow in December. Forme de conditional: It’s foggy. The airport could be closed. If he had enough money he could buy a bicycle. 4) Can/could sunt folosite pentru a exprima: o cerere, rugaminte politicoasa: Can you wait a few moments ? Could este mai politicos decât can. 5) Could + infinitivul perfect este folosit pentru a exprima capacitatea nerealizata de efectuare a unei actiuni în trecut: She could have helped me. (But she didn’t). Ar fi putut sa ma ajute. 6) Can’t/couldn’t + infinitivul prezent al verbului be exprima o deductie negativa despre un eveniment prezent: A: I’m hungry. B: You can’t be hungry. You’ve just had your dinner. Can’t/Couldn’t + infinitivul perfect exprima o deductie negativa despre un eveniment trecut: A: Did Ann type the report ? B: She can’t/couldn’t have typed it. She hasn’t learned to type yet.
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