43. Hughes M, McLellan DL. Increased co-activation of theupper limb muscles in writer’s cramp. Journal of Neurology,Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1985; 48: 782–787.
44. Cohen LG, Hallett M. Hand cramps: clinical featuresand electromyographic patterns in a focal dystonia.Neurology 1988; 38: 1005–1012.
45. van der Kamp KW, Berardelli A, Rothwell JC,Thompson PD, Day BL, Marsden CD. Rapid elbowmovements in patients with torsion dystonia. Journal ofNeurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1989; 52: 1043–1049.
46. Deuschl G, Heinen F, Kleedorfer B, Wagner M, LuckingCH, Poewe W. Clinical and polymyographic investigationof spasmodic torticollis. Journal of Neurology 1992;239: 9–15.
47. Berardelli A, Rothwell JC, Day BL, Marsden CD.Pathophysiology of blepharospasm and oromandibulardystonia. Brain 1985; 108: 593–608.442 A. Albanese et al._ 2006 EFNS European Journal of Neurology 13, 433–444
48. Rothwell JC, Day BL, Obeso JA, Berardelli A, MarsdenCD. Reciprocal inhibition between muscles of the humanforearm in normal subjects and in patients with idiopathictorsion dystonia. Advances in Neurology 1988; 50:133–140.
49. Tolosa E, Montserrat L, Bayes A. Blink reflex studies infocal dystonias: enhanced excitability of brainsteminterneurons in cranial dystonia and spasmodic torticollis.Movement Disorders 1988; 3: 61–69.
50. Nakashima K, Rothwell JC, Day BL, Thompson PD,Shannon K, Marsden CD. Reciprocal inhibition betweenforearm muscles in patients with writer’s cramp and otheroccupational cramps, symptomatic hemidystonia andhemiparesis due to stroke. Brain 1989; 112: 681–697.
51. Panizza ME, Hallett M, Nilsson J. Reciprocal inhibitionin patients with hand cramps. Neurology 1989; 39: 85–89.
52. Ridding MC, Sheean G, Rothwell JC, Inzelberg R, Kujirai
T. Changes in the balance between motor corticalexcitation and inhibition in focal, task specific dystonia.Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1995;59: 493–498.
53. Ikoma K, Samii A, Mercuri B, Wassermann EM, HallettM. Abnormal cortical motor excitability in dystonia.Neurology 1996; 46: 1371–1376.
54. Chen R, Wassermann EM, Canos M, Hallett M. Impairedinhibition in writer’s cramp during voluntarymuscle activation. Neurology 1997; 49: 1054–1059.
55. Schneider S, Feifel E, Ott D, Schumacher M, LuckingCH, Deuschl G. Prolonged MRI T2 times of the lentiformnucleus in idiopathic spasmodic torticollis. Neurology1994; 44: 846–850.
56. Becker G, Berg D. Neuroimaging in basal ganglia disorders:perspectives for transcranial ultrasound. MovementDisorders 2001; 16: 23–32.
57. Schmidt KE, Linden DE, Goebel R, Zanella FE, LanfermannH, Zubcov AA. Striatal activation duringblepharospasm revealed by fMRI. Neurology 2003; 60:1738–1743.
58. Preibisch C, Berg D, Hofmann E, Solymosi L, NaumannM. Cerebral activation patterns in patients with writer’scramp: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.Journal of Neurology 2001; 248: 10–17.
59. Oga T, Honda M, Toma K, Murase N, Okada T, HanakawaT, et al. Abnormal cortical mechanisms of voluntarymuscle relaxation in patients with writer’s cramp:an fMRI study. Brain 2002; 125: 895–903.
60. Butterworth S, Francis S, Kelly E, McGlone F, BowtellR, Sawle GV. Abnormal cortical sensory activation indystonia: an fMRI study. Movement Disorders 2003; 18:673–682.
61. Draganski B, Thun-Hohenstein C, Bogdahn U, WinklerJ, May A. __Motor circuit‘‘ gray matter changes in idiopathiccervical dystonia. Neurology 2003; 61: 1228–1231.
62. Garraux G, Bauer A, Hanakawa T, Wu T, Kansaku K,Hallett M. Changes in brain anatomy in focal handdystonia. Annals of Neurology 2004; 55: 736–739.
63. Hutchinson M, Nakamura T, Moeller JR, Antonini A,Belakhlef A, Dhawan V, et al. The metabolic topographyof essential blepharospasm: a focal dystonia with generalimplications. Neurology 2000; 55: 673–677.
64. Asanuma K, Ma Y, Huang C, Carbon-Correll M, EdwardsC, Raymond D, et al. The metabolic pathology ofdopa-responsive dystonia. Annals of Neurology 2005; 57:596–600.
65. Marshall V, Grosset D. Role of dopamine transporterimaging in routine clinical practice. Movement Disorders2003; 18: 1415–1423.
66. Rutledge JN, Hilal SK, Silver AJ, Defendini R, Fahn S.Magnetic resonance imaging of dystonic states. Advancesin Neurology 1988; 50: 265–275.
67. Meunier S, Lehericy S, Garnero L, Vidailhet M. Dystonia:lessons from brain mapping. Neuroscientist 2003; 9:76–81.
68. The National Institute of Health Consensus Development.Clinical use of botulinum toxin. NIH Consensus
Statement 1990; 8: 1–20.
69. Costa J, Espirito-Santo C, Borges A, Ferreira J, CoelhoM, Moore P, et al. Botulinum toxin type A therapy forcervical dystonia. Cochrane Database System Review2005; 1: CD003633.
70. Costa J, Espirito-Santo C, Borges A, Ferreira J, CoelhoM, Moore P, et al. Botulinum toxin type B for cervicaldystonia. Cochrane Database System Review 2005; 1:CD004315.
71. Figgitt DP, Noble S. Botulinum toxin B: a review of itstherapeutic potential in the management of cervicaldystonia. Drugs 2002; 62: 705–722.
72. Costa J, Borges A, Espirito-Santo C, Ferreira J, CoelhoM, Moore P, et al. Botulinum toxin type A versus botulinumtoxin type B for cervical dystonia. CochraneDatabase Systems Review 2005; 1: CD004314.
73. Costa J, Espirito-Santo C, Borges A, Ferreira J, CoelhoM, Sampaio C. Botulinum toxin type A versus anticholinergicsfor cervical dystonia. Cochrane Database SystemsReview 2005; 1: CD004312.
74. Costa J, Espirito-Santo C, Borges A, Ferreira J, CoelhoM, Moore P, et al. Botulinum toxin type A therapy forblepharospasm. Cochrane Database Systems Review2005; 1: CD004900.
75. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Botulinum toxintherapy of eye muscle disorders. Safety and effectiveness.Ophthalmology 1989; 96: 37–41.
76. Watts CC, Whurr R, Nye C. Botulinum toxin injectionsfor the treatment of spasmodic dysphonia. CochraneDatabase Systems Review 2004; 3: CD004327.
77. Balash Y, Giladi N. Efficacy of pharmacological treatmentof dystonia: evidence-based review including metaanalysisof the effect of botulinum toxin and other cureoptions. European Journal of Neurology 2004; 11: 361–370.
78. Whitaker J, Butler A, Semlyen JK, Barnes MP. Botulinumtoxin for people with dystonia treated by an outreachnurse practitioner: a comparative study between ahome and a clinic treatment service. Archives of PhysicalMedicine and Rehabilitation 2001; 82: 480–484.
79. Burke RE, Fahn S. Double-blind evaluation of trihexyphenidylin dystonia. Advances in Neurology 1983; 37:189–192.
80. Burke RE, Fahn S, Marsden CD. Torsion dystonia: adouble blind, prospective trial of high-dosage trihexyphenidil.Neurology 1986; 36: 160–164.
81. Nutt JG, Hammerstad JP, deGarmo P, Carter J. Cranialdystonia: double-blind crossover study of anticholinergics.Neurology 1984; 34: 215–217.
82. Lang AE, Sheehy MP, Marsden CD. Anticholinergics inadult-onset focal dystonia. Canadian Journal of NeurologicalSciences 1982; 9: 313–319.
Diagnosis and treatment of primary dystonia and dystonia plus syndromes 443_ 2006 EFNS European Journal of Neurology 13, 433–444
83. Carella F, Girotti F, Scigliano G, Caraceni T, Joder-Ohlenbusch AM, Schechter PJ. Double-blind study oforal gamma-vinyl GABA in the treatment of dystonia.Neurology 1986; 36: 98–100.
84. Snoek JW, van Weerden TW, Teelken AW, van denKamp BW, Lakke JP. Meige syndrome: double-blindcrossover study of sodium valproate. Journal of Neurology,Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1987; 50: 1522–1525.
85. Lang AE. Dopamine agonists and antagonists in thetreatment of idiopathic dystonia. Advances in Neurology1988; 50: 561–570.
86. Jankovic J. Treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorderswith tetrabenazine: a double-blind crossover study.Annals of Neurology 1982; 11: 41–47.
87. Jankovic J, Beach J. Long-term effects of tetrabenazinein hyperkinetic movement disorders. Neurology 1997; 48:358–362.
88. Nutt JG, Nygaard TG. Response to levodopa treatmentin dopa-responsive dystonia. Archives of Neurology 2001;58: 905–910.
89. Gherpelli JL, Nagae LM, Diament A. DOPA-sensitiveprogressive dystonia of childhood with diurnal fluctuationsof symptoms: a case report. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 1995; 53: 298–301.
90. Rajput AH, Gibb WR, Zhong XH, Shannak KS, Kish S,Chang LG, et al. Dopa-responsive dystonia: pathologicaland biochemical observations in a case. Annals of Neurology1994; 35: 396–402.
91. Hwang WJ, Calne DB, Tsui JK, Fuente-Fernandez R.The long-term response to levodopa in dopa-responsivedystonia. Parkinsonism Relative Disorders 2001; 8: 1–5.
92. Fox SH, Kellett M, Moore AP, Crossman AR, BrotchieJM. Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialto assess the potential of cannabinoid receptor stimulationin the treatment of dystonia. Movement Disorders2002; 17: 145–149.
93. Krauss JK, Yianni J, Loher TJ, Aziz TZ. Deep brainstimulation for dystonia. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology2004; 21: 18–30.
94. Vidailhet M, Vercueil L, Houeto JL, Krystkowiak P,Benabid AL, Cornu P, et al. Bilateral deep-brain stimulationof the globus pallidus in primary generalized dystonia.New England Journal of Medicine 2005; 352: 459–467.
95. Coubes P, Cif L, El Fertit H, Hemm S, Vayssiere N,Serrat S, et al. Electrical stimulation of the globus pallidusinternus in patients with primary generalized dystonia:long-term results. Journal of Neurosurgery 2004; 101:189–194.
96. Yianni J, Bain P, Giladi N, Auca M, Gregory R, Joint C,et al. Globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation fordystonic conditions: a prospective audit. Movement Disorders2003; 18: 436–442.
97. Krause M, Fogel W, Kloss M, Rasche D, Volkmann J,Tronnier V. Pallidal stimulation for dystonia. Neurosurgery2004; 55: 1361–1370.
98. Eltahawy HA, Saint-Cyr J, Poon YY, Moro E, Lang AE,Lozano AM. Pallidal deep brain stimulation in cervicaldystonia: clinical outcome in four cases. Canadian Journalof Neurological Sciences 2004; 31: 328–332.
99. Coubes P, Roubertie A, Vayssiere N, Hemm S, Echenne
B. Treatment of DYT1-generalised dystonia by stimulationof the internal globus pallidus. Lancet 2000; 355:2220–2221.
100. Krauss JK, Pohle T, Weber S, Ozdoba C, Burgunder JM.Bilateral stimulation of globus pallidus internus for treatmentof cervical dystonia. Lancet 1999; 354: 837–838.
101. Parkin S, Aziz T, Gregory R, Bain P. Bilateral internalglobus pallidus stimulation for the treatment of spasmodictorticollis. Movement Disorders 2001; 16: 489–493.
102. The National Institute for Clinical Excellence. SelectivePeripheral Denervation of Cervical Dystonia. August2004, www.nice.org.uk.
103. Bertrand CM. Selective peripheral denervation for spasmodictorticollis: surgical technique, results, and observationsin 260 cases. Surgical Neurology 1993; 40: 96–103.
104. Albright AL, Barry MJ, Shafton DH, Ferson SS. Intrathecalbaclofen for generalized dystonia. DevelopmentalMedicine and Child Neurology 2001; 43: 652–657.
105. Ondo WG, Desaloms M, Krauss JK, Jankovic J,Grossman RG. Pallidotomy and thalamotomy for dystonia.In: Krauss JK, Jankovic J, Grossman RG, eds.Surgery for Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders.Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, 2001: 299–306.
106. Loher TJ, Pohle T, Krauss JK. Functional stereotacticsurgery for treatment of cervical dystonia: review of theexperience from the lesional era. Stereotactic and FunctionalNeurosurgery 2004; 82: 1–13.
107. Yoshor D, Hamilton WJ, Ondo W, Jankovic J, Grossman
RG. Comparison of thalamotomy and pallidotomyfor the treatment of dystonia. Neurosurgery 2001; 48:818–824.
108. Hamby WB. Schiffer S: Spasmodic torticollis; resultsafter cervical rhizotomy in 80 cases. Clinical Neurosurgery1970; 17: 28–37.
109. Friedman AH, Nashold BS, Sharp R, Caputi F, ArrudaJ. Treatment of spasmodic torticollis with intraduralselective rhizotomies. Journal of Neurosurgery 1993; 78:46–53.
110. Colbassani HJ Jr, Wood JH. Management of spasmodictorticollis. Surgical Neurology 1986; 25: 153–158.
111. Jho HD, Jannetta PJ. Microvascular decompression forspasmodic torticollis. Acta Neurochirurgica 1995; 134:21–26.444 A. Albanese et al._ 2006 EFNS European Journal of Neurology 13, 433–444
Dostları ilə paylaş: |