High energy & nuclear physics

Rmax = 33862 (i.e., 33,9 Pflops) – Rpeak = 54902 (computing efficiency : 61,7 %)

3,120,000 cores – Memory: 1.375 PB – Disk: 12,4 PB –fat-tree based Interconnection Network

16000 computer nodes

1 node = 2 Intel (12 cores) Ivy Bridge Xeon + 3 (57 cores) Xeon Phi co-procs + 88GB memory shared by the Ivy Bridges procs + 8 GB memory shared by the Xeon Phi chips

Power:17,8 MW (1,9 Tflops/kW – 1,9 Gflops/W … only!)

« Tianhe-2 operation for 1 hour is equivalent to 1.3 billion people calculator operating one thousand years » (best-news.us – assertion not checked)

Top500.org

• Top500.org

• performance development
• logarithmic progression! (x10 in 3years)
• clusters, clusters (86%)!
• 51% in industry
• max power efficiency: 5,3 Gflops/W
• #500: 153 TFlops! – Total : 309 Pflops
• poster Top500

• Graph500.org

• BlueGene++

• Green500.org and GreenGraph500

• List
• max: 5,3 Gflops/W
• #1 green500 = #168 top500 (317-594 Tflops)
• #1 top500 = #57 green500 (2GFlops/W)

From LAN (cluster) computing to WAN computing

• From LAN (cluster) computing to WAN computing

• Set of machines distributed over a MAN/WAN that are used to execute parallel loosely coupled codes

• Depending on the infrastructure (soft and hard), network computing is derived in Internet computing, P2P, Grid computing, etc.

Definitions become fuzzy...

• Definitions become fuzzy...

• A meta computer = set of (widely) distributed (high performance) processing resources that can be associated for processing a parallel not so loosely coupled code

• A meta computer = parallel

• virtual machine over a

• distributed system

Use of (idle) computer interconnected by Internet for processing large throughput applications

• Use of (idle) computer interconnected by Internet for processing large throughput applications

• Ex: SETI@HOME

• 5M+ users since launching
• 20013/10: 1,4M users, 3,5M computers; 135k active users, 190k active computers
• 625 Tflops (average 505 Tflops)!
• 233 « countries »
• 2M years of CPU time since 1999;
• BOINC infrastructure (Décrypthon, RSA-155…)
• much less active than it used to be (:2 since 2011)

• Programmer view: a single master, n servants

Internet computing on a pool of sites

• Internet computing on a pool of sites

• Meta computing with loosely coupled codes

• Grid computing with poor communication facilities

• Ex: Condor (invented in the 80’s)

A site is both client and server: servent

• A site is both client and server: servent

• Dynamic servent discovery by « contamination »

• 2 approaches:

• centralized management: Napster, Kazaa, eDonkey…
• distributed management: Gnutella, KAD, Freenet, Bittorrent…

• Applications: file sharing, video delivery, collaborative computing

“Coordinated resource sharing and problem solving in dynamic, multi-institutional virtual organisations” (I. Foster)

• “Coordinated resource sharing and problem solving in dynamic, multi-institutional virtual organisations” (I. Foster)

Information grid

• Information grid

• Large access to distributed data (the Web)

• Data grid

• Management and processing of very large distributed data sets – Data intensive computing

• Computing grid

• Meta computer

Grids date back “only” 1996

• Grids date back “only” 1996

• Parallelism is older! (first classification in 1972)

• Motivations:

• need more computing power (weather forecast, atomic simulation, genomics…)
• need more storage capacity (Petabytes and more)
• in a word: improve performance! 3 ways ...
• Work harder --> Use faster hardware
• Work smarter --> Optimize algorithms
• Get help --> Use more computers !