Instream Flow Council Instream flow and stream ecology literature May 26, 2014 hb

Collier, M., R.H. Webb, and J.C. Schmidt. 1996. Dams and rivers: Primer on the downstream effects of dams. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1126, Denver.
Collier, M.P., R.H. Webb, and E.D. Andrews. 1997. Experimental flooding in the Grand Canyon. Scientific American 276: 82-89.
Collings, M.R. 1974. Generalization of spawning and rearing discharges for several Pacific salmon species in western Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report, Tacoma.
Collings, R.M., R.W. Smith, and G.T. Higgins. 1972. The hydrology of four streams in western Washington as related to several Pacific salmon species. 109 pp.
Collins, B.D., D.B. Montgomery, K.L. Fetherston, and T.R. Abbe. The floodplain large-wood cycle hypothesis: a. mechanism for the physical and biotic structuring of temperate forested alluvial valleys in the North Pacific coastal ecoregion. Geomorphology 139-140: 460-470.
Collins, J.P., C. Young, J. Howell, and W.L. Minckley. 1981. Impact of flooding in a Sonoran Desert stream, including elimination of an endangered fish population (Poeciliopsis occidentalis, Poeciliidae). Southwestern Naturalist 26: 415-423.
Collins, M.R., W.C. Post, D.C. Russ, and T. Smith. 2002. Habitat use and movements of juvenile shortnose sturgeon in the Savannah River, Georgia-South Carolina. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 131: 975-979
Colonnello, G., and E. Medina. 1998. Vegetation changes induced by dam construction in a tropical estuary: the case of the Manamo River, Orinoco Delta (Venezuela). Plant Ecology 139: 145-154.
Colon-Rivera, R.J., R.A. Feagin, J.B. West, and K.M. Yeager. 2012. Salt marsh connectivity and freshwater versus saltwater inflow: multiple methods including tidal gauges, water, isotopes, and LIDAR elevation models. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 69 (8): 1420-1432. Doi: 10.1139/f2012-046.
Colvin, R., G.R. Giannico, J. Li, K.R. Boyer, and W.J. Gerth. 2009. Fish use of intermittent watercourses draining agricultural lands in the upper Willamette River valley, Oregon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 138 (6): 1302-1313. Doi:10.1577/T08-150.1
Colwell, R.K. 1974. Predictability, constancy, and contingency of periodic phenomena. Ecology 55: 1148-1153.
Conallin, A.J., K.A. Hillyard, H.F. Walker, B.M. Gillanders, and B.B. Smith. 2011. Offstream movements of fish during drought in a regulated lowland river. River Research and Applications 27 (10): 1253-1263.
Conallin, J., M. Olsen, E. Boegh, J.K. Jensen, and S. Pedersen. 2010. Habitat suitability indices development in Denmark: are international indices applicable under small lowland stream conditions? International Journal of River Basin Management 8: 151-160.
Conder, A.L., and T.C. Annear. 1987. Test of weighted usable area estimates derived from a PHABSIM model for instream flow studies on trout streams. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 7 (3): 339-350.
Conley, D.J., P. Stalnacke, H. Pitkanen, and A. Wilander. 2000. The transport and retention of dissolved silicate by rivers in Sweden and Finland. Limnology and Oceanography 45: 11850-1853.
Conlin, D.J., Jr., S.P. Canton, J.W. Chadwick, and W.J., Miller. 1995. Habitat suitability curves for selected fish species in the central Platte River, Nebraska. Rivers 5 (4): 250-266.
Conner, W.H., and J.W. Day, Jr. 1988. The impact of rising water levels on tree growth in Louisiana. Pages 219-224 in: D.D. Hook, editor. The ecology and management of wetlands. Volume 2: management, use, and value of wetlands. Croom Helm Publishers, London, U.K.
Connor, E.J., and D.E. Pflug. 2004. Changes in the distribution and density of pink, chum, and Chinook salmon spawning in the upper Skagit River in response to flow management measures. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 24 (3): 835-852.
Connor, W.H., J.G. Gosselink, and R.T. Parrondo. 1981. Comparison of the vegetation of three Louisiana swamp sites with different flooding regimes. American Journal of Botany 68: 320-331.
Connor, W.P., H.L. Burge, and D.H. Bennett. 1998. Detection of subyearling chinook salmon at a Snake River dam: implications for summer flow augmentation. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 18: 530-536.
Connor, W.P., H.L. Burge, J.R. Yearsley, and T.C. Bjornn. 2003. The influence of flow and temperature on survival of wild subyearling fall chinook salmon in the Snake River. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 23: 362-375.
Connor, W.P., A.P. Garcia, H.L. Burge, and R.H. Taylor. 1993. Fall chinook salmon spawning in free-flowing reaches of the Snake River. Pages 1-29 in: D.W. Rondorf and W.H. Miller (eds.), Identification of the spawning, rearing, and migration requirements of fall chinook salmon in the Columbia River basin. U.S. Department of Energy, Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Oregon.
Connor, W.P., A.P. Garcia, A.H. Connor, R.H. Taylor, C. Eaton, D. Steele, R. Bowen, and R.D. Nelle. 1994. Fall chinook salmon spawning habitat availability in the free-flowing Snake River. Pages 22-40 in: D.W. Rondorf and K. Tiffan (eds.), Identification of the spawning, rearing, and migration requirements of fall chinook salmon in the Columbia River basin. U.S. Department of Energy, Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Oregon.
Connor, W.P., A.H. Connor, and R.H. Taylor. 1994. Snake River flows and temperature during the 1992 Snake River fall chinook salmon brood year. Pages 20-38 in: D.W. Rondorf and W.H. Miller (eds.), Identification of the spawning, rearing, and migration requirements of fall chinook salmon in the Columbia River basin. U.S. Department of Energy, Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Oregon.
Connor, W.P., S.G. Smith, T. Andersen, S.M. Bradbury, D.C. Burum, E.E. Hockersmith, M.L. Schuck, G.W. Mendel, and R.M. Bugert. 2004. Postrelease performance of hatchery yearling and subyearling fall Chinook salmon released into the Snake River. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 24 (2): 545-560.
Connor, W.P., R.K. Steinhorst, and H.L. Burge. 2003. Migrational behavior and rate of seaward movement of wild subyearling fall chinook salmon in the Snake River. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 23: 414-430.
Constantz, J. 1998. Interaction between stream temperature, streamflow, and groundwater exchanges in alpine streams. Water Resources Research 34: 1609-1615. Doi: 10.1029/98WR00998.
Contor, C.R. 1989. Winter day and night habitat utilization and behavior of juvenile rainbow trout in the Henrys Fork of the Snake River, Idaho. M.S. thesis, Idaho State University, Pocatello.
Converse, Y.K., C.P. Hawkins, and R.A. Valdez. 1998. Habitat relationships of subadult humpback chub in the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon: Spatial variability and implications of flow regulation. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 14: 267-284.
Cook, E.R., and G.C. Jacoby. 1983. Potomac River since 1730 as reconstructed by tree rings. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 22 (10): 1659-1672.
Cooke, D.W., and S.D. Leach. 2003. Beneficial effects of increased river flow and upstream fish passage on anadromous alosine stocks. Pages 331-338 in: K.E. Limburg and J.R. Waldman, editors. Biodiversity, status, and conservation of the world’s shads. American Fisheries Society, Symposium 35, Bethesda, Maryland.
Coon, T. 1987. Responses of benthic riffle fishes to variations in stream discharge and temperature. Pp. 77-85 in: W.J Matthews and D.C. Heins (eds.) Community and evolutionary ecology of North American stream fishes. Oklahoma Press, Norman.
Coon, T.G., and H.R. Dames. 1991. Catfish movement and habitat use in a Missouri River tributary. Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 43 (1989): 119-132.

Cooper, A.C. 1965. The effect of transported stream sediments on the survival of sockeye and pink salmon eggs and alevins. International Pacific Salmon Committee Bulletin 18.

Cooper, C.O., and T.A. Wesche. 1976. Stream channel modification to enhance trout habitat under low flow conditions. Water Res. Inst., Office of Water Res. Tech., Washington, D.C. Rept. No. SER-58 117 pp.
Cooper, D.C., D.M. Merritt, D.C. Andersen, and R.A. Chimner. 1999. Factors controlling the establishment of Fremont cottonwood seedlings on the upper Green River, U.S.A. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 15: 419-440.
Cooper, D.J., D.R. D’Amico, and M.L. Scott. 2003. Physiological and morphological response patterns of Populus deltoides to alluvial groundwater pumping. Environmental Management 31: 215-226.
Cooper, D.J., D.C. Andersen, and R.A. Chimner. 2003. Multiple pathways for woody plant establishment on floodplains at local to regional scales. Journal of Ecology 91 (2): 182-196.
Cooper, D.J., J. Dickens, N.T. Hobbs, L. Christensen, and L. Landrum. 2006. Hydrologic, geomorphic and climatic processes controlling willow establishment in a montane ecosystem. Hydrological Processes 20: 1845-1864.
Cooper, D.J., and D.M. Merritt. 2012. Assessing the water needs of riparian and wetland vegetation in the western United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-282. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 125 pp.
Cooper, D.J., D.M. Merritt, D.C. Andersen, and R.A. Chimner. 1999. Factors controlling the establishment of Fremont cottonwood seedlings on the upper Green River, U.S.A. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 15: 419-440.
Cooper, S.D., S. Diehl, K. Kratz, and O. Sarnelle. 1998. Implications of scale for patterns and processes in stream ecology. Australian Journal of Ecology 23: 27-40.
Coops, H., N. Geilen, and G. van der Velde. 1999. Helophyte zonation in two regulated estuarine areas of the Netherlands: Vegetation analysis and relationships with hydrological factors. Estuaries 22: 657-668.
Cope, O.B. 1957. The choices of spawning sites by cutthroat trout. Proceedings of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters 34: 73-79.
Copeland, B.J. 1966. Effects of decreased river flow on estuarine ecology. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 38 (11): 1831-1839. (University of Texas, Institute of Marine Science, Port Aransas , Texas)
Copeland, T., and K.A. Meyer. 2011. Interspecies synchrony in salmonid densities associated with large-scale bioclimatic conditions in central Idaho. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 140 (4): 928-942. Doi: 10.1080/00028487.2011.599261
Copp, G.H. 1989. The habitat diversity and fish reproductive function of floodplain ecosystems. Environmental Biology of Fishes 26: 1-27.
Copp, G.H. 1990. Shifts in the microhabitat of larval and juvenile roach Rutilus rutilus (L.) in a floodplain channel. Journal of Fish Biology 36: 683-692.
Copp, G.H. 1990. Effect of regulation on 0+ fish recruitment in the Great Ouse, a lowland river. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 5: 251-263.
Copp, G.H. 1992. Comparative microhabitat use of cyprinid larvae and juveniles in a lotic floodplain channel. Environmental Biology of Fishes 33: 181-193. Doi:10.1007/BF00002563.
Copp, G.H. 1997. Microhabitat use of fish larvae and 0(+) juveniles in a highly regulated section of the River Great Ouse. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 13: 267-276.
Copp, G.H., G. Guti, B. Rovny, and J. Cerny. 1994. Hierarchical analysis of habitat use by 0+ juvenile fish in Hungarian-Slovak floodplain of the Danube River. Environmental Biology of Fishes 40: 329-348.
Corning, R.V. 1970. Water fluctuation, a detrimental influence on trout streams. Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners (23): 431-454.
Coronado, C., and R. Hillborn. 1998. Spatial and temporal factors affecting survival in coho and fall Chinook salmon in the Pacific Northwest. Bull. Mar. Sci. 62: 409-425.
Cortes, R.M.V, M.T. Ferreira, S.V. Oliveira, and D. Oliveira. 2002. Macroinvertebrate community structure in a regulated river segment with different flow conditions. River Research and Applications 18 (2): 367-382.
Costa, J.E., and J.E. O’Connor. 1995. Geomorphically effective floods. Pp. 45-56 in: J.E. Costa, A.J. Miller, K.W. Potter, and P.R. Wilcock, eds. Natural and anthropogenic influences in fluvial geomorphology. Geophysical Monograph 89, Washington, D.C.
Costa, M.J., R. Vasconcelos, J.L. Costa, and H.N. Cabral. 2007. River flow influence on the fish community of the Tagus estuary (Portugal). Hydrobiologia 587: 113-123.
Costa-Pierce, B.A. 1992. Review of the spawning requirements and feeding ecology of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and reevaluation of its use in fisheries and aquaculture. Reviews in Aquatic Science 6: 257-273.
Cote, D. 2007. Measurements of salmonid population performance in relation to habitat in eastern Newfoundland streams. Journal of Fish Biology 70: 1134-1147.
Cotel, A.J., P.W. Webb, and H. Tritico. 2006. Do brown trout choose locations with reduced turbulence? Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 135 (3): 610-619.
Cottingham, P., M.C. Thomas, and G.P. Quinn. 2002. Scientific panels and their use in environmental flow assessment in Australia. Australian Journal of Water Resources 5: 103-111.
Coulibaly, P., and D.H. Burn. 2005. Spatial and temporal variability of Canadian seasonal streamflows. Journal of Climate 18: 1991-2010.
Coulombe-Pontbriand, M., and M. Lapointe. 2004. Geomorphic controls, riffle substrate quality and spawning site selection in two semi-alluvial salmon rivers in the Gaspe Peninsula, Canada. Rivers Research and Applications 20 (5): 577-590. Doi: 10.1002/rra.768.
Coulthard, T.J., J. Lewin, and M.G. Macklin. 2005. Modelling differential and complex catchment response to environmental change. Geomorphology 69: 224-241.
Coutant, C.C. 2001. Turbulent attraction flows for guiding juvenile salmonids at dams. Pages 57-77 in: C.C. Coutant, editor. Behavioral technologies for fish guidance. American Fisheries Society, Symposium 26, Bethesda, Maryland.
Coutant, C.C. 2004. A riparian habitat hypothesis for successful reproduction of white sturgeon. Reviews in Fisheries Science 12: 23-73.
Cover, M.R., J.A. de la Fuente, and V.H. Resh. 2010. Catastrophic disturbances in headwater streams: the long-term ecological effects of debris flows and debris floods in the Klamath Mountains, northern California. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 67 (10): 1596-1610.
Covich, A.P., T.A. Crowl, and F.N. Scatena. 2003. Effects of extreme low flows on freshwater shrimps in a perennial tropical stream. Freshwater Biology 48: 1199-1206.
Covich, A.P., S.C. Fritz, P.J. Lamb, R.D. Marzolf, W.J. Matthews, K.A. Poiani, E.E. Prepas, M.B. Richman, and T.C. Winter. 1997. Potential effects of climate change on aquatic ecosystems of the Great Plains of North America. Hydrological Processes 11: 993-1021.
Covington, J.S., and W.A. Hubert. 2003. Trout population responses to restoration of stream flows. Environmental Management 31: 135-146.
Cowardin, L,M., V. Carter, and E.T. La Roe. 1979. Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. FWS/OBS-79/31. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
Cowx, I.G. 2001. Factors influencing coarse fish populations in rivers. R&D Publication 18, Environment Agency, Bristol.

Cowx, I.G., and R.A. Gould. 1989. Effects of stream regulation on Atlantic salmon and brown trout in the Upper Severn catchment, U.K. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 3: 235-245.

Cowx, I.G., R.A. Noble, A.D. Nunn, and J.P. Harvey. 2004. Flow and level criteria for coarse fish and conservation species. Environment Agency R&D Report, W6-096, Bristol.
Cowx, I.G., R.A. Noble, A.D. Nunn, J. Bolland, S. Walton, G. Pierson, and J.P. Harvey. 2012. Flow requirements of non-salmonids. Fisheries Management and Ecology 19 (6): 548-556. Doi: 10.1111/j.fme.12011.
Cowx, I.G., W.O. Young, and J.M. Helawell. 1984. The influence of drought on the fish and invertebrate populations of an upland stream in Wales. Freshwater Biology 14: 165-177.
Craig, D.A., and M.M. Galloway. 1987. Hydrodynamics of larval black flies. Pages 171-185 in: K.C. Kim and R.W. Merritt, editors. Black flies. Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA.
Cramer, S.P. 1997. Use of managed pulses in flow to stimulate outmigration of juvenile salmon. Pp. 563-568 in: S.Y. Wang and T. Carstens, eds. Environmental and coastal hydraulics: protecting the aquatic habitat. Proceedings of theme B, water for a changing global community, 27^th Congress of the International Association for Hydraulic Research. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York.
Cramer, S.P., and N.K. Ackerman. 2009. Linking stream carrying capacity for salmonids to habitat features. Pages 225-254 in: E.E. Knudsen and J.H. Michael, Jr., editors. Pacific salmon environmental and life history models: advancing science for sustainable salmon in the future. American Fisheries Society, Symposium 71, Bethesda, Maryland.

Cramer, V.A., and R.J. Hobbs. 2002. Ecological consequences of altered hydrological regimes in fragmented ecosystems in southern Australia: Impacts and possible management responses. Austral Ecology 27 (5): 546-564.

Crance, J.H. 1984. Habitat suitability index models and instream flow suitability curves: inland stocks of striped bass. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FWS/OBS-82/10.85. 61 pp.
Crance, J.H. 1986. Habitat suitability index models and instream flow suitability curves: Shortnose sturgeon. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 82 (10.134). 21 pp.
Crance, J.H. 1987. Guidelines for using the Delphi technique to develop habitat suitability index curves. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 82 (10.134): 1-21.
Crance, J.H. 1987. Habitat suitability index curves for paddlefish, developed by the Delphi technique. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 7 (1): 123-130.
Crance, J.H. 1988. Preliminary habitat suitability index curves for sauger. Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeast Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 41 (1987): 159-167.
Crane, D.P., and J.M. Farrell. 2013. Spawning substrate size, shape, and siltation influence walleye egg retention. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 33 (2): 329-337. Doi: 10.1080/02755947.2012.760504.
Craven, S.W., J.T. Peterson, M.C. Freeman, T.J. Kwak, and E. Irwin. 2010. Modeling the relations between flow regime components, species traits, and spawning success of fishes in warmwater streams. Environmental Management 46: 181-194. Doi: 10.1007/s00267-010-9511.
Crecco, V.A., and T. Savoy. 1984. Effects of hydrographic fluctuations on the year-class strength of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in the Connecticut River. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 41: 1216-1223.
Creque, S.M., E.S. Rutherford, and T.G. Zorn. 2005. Use of GIS-derived landscape-scale habitat features to explain spacial patterns of fish density in Michigan rivers. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 25 (4): 1411-1425.
Crisp, D.T. 1989. Use of artificial eggs in studies of washout depth and drifting for salmonid eggs. Hydrobiologia 178: 1555-163.
Crisp, D.T. 1993. Population densities of juvenile trout (Salmo trutta) in five upland streams and their effects upon growth, survival and dispersal. Journal of Applied Ecology 30: 759-771.
Crisp, D.T. 1993. The environmental requirements of salmon and trout in fresh water. Freshwater Forum 3: 176-202.
Crisp, D.T. 1996. Environmental requirements of common riverine European salmonid fish species in fresh water with particular reference to physical and chemical aspects. Hydrobiologia 323: 201-221.
Crisp, D.T., and P.A. Carling. 1989. Observations on siting, dimensions, and structure of salmonid redds. Journal of Fish Biology 34: 119-134. Doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb2962.x.
Crisp, D.T., and M.A. Hurley. 1991a. Stream channel experiments on downstream movement of recently emerged trout, Salmo trutta L., and salmon, S. salar L. - I. Effect of four different water velocity treatments upon dispersal rate. Journal of Fish Biology 39: 347-361.
Crisp, D.T., and M.A. Hurley. 1991b. Stream channel experiments on downstream movement of recently emerged trout, Salmo trutta L., and salmon, S. salar L. - II. Effects of constant and changing velocities and of day and night upon dispersal rate. Journal of Fish Biology 39: 363-370.
Crisp, D.T., R.H.K. Mann, and P.R. Cubby. 1983. Effects of regulation of the River Tees upon fish populations below Cow Green Reservoir. Journal of Applied Ecology 20: 371-386.
Crispell, J.K., and T.A. Endreny. 2009. Hyporheic exchange flow around constructed in-channel structures and implications for restoration design. Hydrological Processes 23: 1158-1168.
Crome, F.H.J., and S.M. Carpenter. 1988. Plankton community cycling and recovery after drought - dynamics in a basin on a flood plain. Hydrobiologia 164: 193-211.
Cronan, C.S., J.T. Piampiano, and H.H. Patterson. 1999. Influence of land use and hydrology on exports of carbon and nitrogen in a Maine river system. J. Environ. Qual. 28 (3): 953-961.
Crook, D.A., A.I. Robertson, A.J. King, and P. Humphries. 2001. The influence of spatial scale and habitat arrangement on diel patterns of habitat use by two lowland river fishes. Oecologia 129: 525-533.
Cross, F.B., and R.E. Moss. 1987. Historic changes in fish communities and aquatic habitats in plains streams of Kansas. (Chapter 20), pp. 155-165 in: W.J. Matthews and D.C. Heins (eds) Community and evolutionary ecology of North American stream fishes. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
Cross, F.B., R.E. Moss, and J.C. Collins. 1985. Assessment of dewatering impacts on stream fisheries in the Arkansas and Cimmaron rivers. Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence.

Cross, R.D., and D.L. Williams. 1981. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Freshwater Inflow to Estuaries. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services. FWS/OBS-81-04. 2 Vol.

Cross, W.F., C.V. Baxter, K.C. Donner, E.J. Rosi-Marshall, T.A. Kennedy, R.O. Hall, H.A.W. Kelly, and R.S. Rogers. 2011. Ecosystem ecology meets adaptive management: food web response to a controlled flood on the Colorado River, Glen Canyon. Ecological Applications 21 (6): 2016-2033. Doi: 10.1890/10-1719.1.PMID.21939041.
Crouch, G.L. 1979. Changes in the vegetation complex of a cottonwood ecosystem on the South Platte River. Great Plains Agricultural Council 91: 19-22.
Crowder, D.W. 2002. Reproducing and quantifying spatial flow patterns of ecological importance with two-dimensional hydraulic models. Ph.D. dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Blacksburg, VA. 158 pp. (http://

scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11152002-161130).

Crowder, D.W., and P. Diplas. 2000. Using two-dimensional hydrodynamic models at scales of ecological importance. Journal of Hydrology 230 (3-4): 172-191.
Crowder, D.W., and P. Diplas. 2000. Evaluating spatially explicit metrics of stream energy gradients using hydrodynamic model simulations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57: 1497-1507.
Crowder, D.W., and P. Diplas. 2002. Assessing changes in watershed flow regimes with spatially explicit hydraulic models. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 38 (2): 397-408.
Crowder, D.W., and P. Diplas. 2002. Vorticity and circulation: spatial metrics for evaluating flow complexity in stream habitats. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59 (4): 633-645. Doi:10.1139/f02-037.
Crowder, D.W., and P. Diplas. 2006. Applying spatial hydraulic principles to quantifying stream habitat. River Research and Applications 22: 79-89.
Crowder, L.B., J.A. Rice, T.J. Miller, and E.A. Marschall. 1992. Empirical and theoretical approaches to size-based interactions and recruitment variability in fishes. Pp. 237-255 in: D.L. DeAngelis and L.G. Gross, editors, Individual-based models and approaches in ecology: populations, communities and ecosystems. Chapman and Hall, New York.