Maxsus ta’lim vazirligi nizomiy nomidagi Toshkent davlat pedagogika universiteti qoshidagi akademik litsey Nurmatov J. N, Kudratov K. X

Affirmative

I can

You can

He (she, it) can speak English

We can

They can

Negative

I can not

You can not

He (she, it) can not speak English

We can not

They can not

Question

Can I

Can you

Can he (she, it) speak English?

Can we

Can they

Answers:

Yes, I can.

No, I cannot (can’t).

Past Tense

Affirmative

I could

You could

He (she, it) could speak English

We could

They could

Negative

I could not

You could not

He (she, it) could not speak English

We could not

They could not

Question

Could I

Could you

Could he (she, it) speak English?

Could we

Could they

Answers:

Yes, I could.

No, I could not (couldn’t).

Future Tense

Affirmative

I will (shall) be able to

You will be able to

He (she, it) will be able to speak English

We will (shall) be able to

They will be able to

Negative

I will (shall) not be able to

You will not be able to

He (she, it) will not be able to speak English

We will (shall) not be able to

They will not be able to

Question

Will (Shall) I be able to

Will you be able to

Will he (she, it) be able to speak English?

Will (Shall) we be able to

Will they be able to

Answers:

Yes, I will.

No, I will not (won’t).

We use can to say that something is possible or that somebody has the ability to do something.

We use can + infinitive (can do / can see etc.):

• 
  We can see the lake from our bedroom window.
  

• 
  Can you speak any foreign languages?
  

• 
  I can come and see you tomorrow if you like.
  

The negative is can’t (=cannot):

• 
  I’m afraid I can’t come to the party on Friday.
  

(Be) able to... is possible instead of can, but can is more usual:

• 
  Are you able to speak any foreign languages?
  

But can has only two forms, can (present) and could (past). So sometimes it is necessary to use (be) able to... . Compare:

• 
  I can’t sleep now.
  

but I haven’t been able to sleep recently.

(can has no pres. perfect)

• 
  Tom can come tomorrow.
  

but Tom might be able to come tomorrow.

(can has no infinitive)

Could and was able to ...
Sometimes could is the past of can. We use could especially with:
see remember smell taste

feel hear understand

• 
  When we went into the house, we could smell burning.
  

• 
  She spoke in a very low voice, but I could understand what she said.
  

We also use could to say that somebody had the general ability or permission to do something:

• 
  My grandfather could speak five languages.
  

• 
  We were completely free. We could do what we wanted. (=we were allowed to do...)
  

We use could for general ability. But if we are talking about what happened in a particular situation, we use was/were able to... or managed to... (not could):

• 
  The fire spread through the building quickly but everybody was able to escape or ... everybody managed to escape. (but not ‘could escape’)
  

• 
  They didn’t want to come with us at first but we managed to persuade them or ... we were able to persuade them. (but not ‘could persuade’)
  

Compare:

• 
  Jack was an excellent tennis player. He could beat anybody. (=he had the general ability to beat anybody)
  

but

• 
  Jack and Alf had a game of tennis yesterday. Alf played very well but in the end Jack managed to beat him or ... was able to beat him. (= he managed to beat him in this particular game)
  

The negative couldn’t (could not) is possible in all situations:

• 
  My grandfather couldn’t swim.
  
• 
  We tried hard but we couldn’t persuade them to come with us.
  
• 
  Bob played well but he couldn’t beat Jack.
  

We use could in a number of ways. Sometimes could is the past of can:

• 
  Listen. I can hear something. (now)
  
• 
  I listened. I could hear something. (past)
  

But could is not only used in this way. We also use could to talk about possible actions now or in the future (especially to make a suggestion). For example:

• 
  A: What shall we do this evening?
  

B: We could go to the cinema.

• 
  It’s a nice day. We could go for a walk.
  

• 
  When you go to New York next month, you could stay with Barbara.
  

• 
  A: If you need money, why don’t you ask Karen?
  

B: Yes, I suppose I could.

Can is also possible in these sentences (‘We can go for a walk.’ etc.). Could is less sure than can. You must use could (not ‘can’) when you don’t really mean what you say. For example:

• 
  I’m so angry with him. I could kill him!
  

(not ‘I can kill him’)
We also use could to say that something is possible now or in the future:

• 
  The phone is ringing. It could be Tim.
  

Can is not possible in these examples (not ‘It can be Tim’). In these sentences could is similar to might:

The phone is ringing. It might be Tim.

Compare could (do) and could have (done):

• 
  I’m so hungry. I could eat a sheep. (now)
  
• 
  I was so hungry. I could have eaten a sheep. (past)
  

Most often, we use could have (done) for things which were possible but did not happen:

• 
  Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York? You could have stayed with Barbara. (=you had the opportunity to stay with her but you didn’t)
  

Sometimes could means ‘would be able to...’:

• 
  We could go away if we had enough money. (=we would be able to go away)
  
• 
  I don’t know how you work so hard. I couldn’t do it
  

Could have (done) = would have been able to (do):

• 
  Why didn’t Liz apply for the job? She could have got it.
  
• 
  We could have gone away if we had had enough money.
  
• 
  The trip was cancelled last week. Paul couldn’t have gone anyway because he was ill. (=he wouldn’t have been able to go)
  
• 
  You did very well to pass the exam. I’m sure I couldn’t have passed it. (=I wouldn’t have been able to pass it if I had taken it)
  

Examples on unit:

I can play chess.-Мен шахмат ўйнай оламан.

He cannot swim. -У (ўғил) суза олмайди.

Can you speak French? -Сен французча гапира оласанми?

I could skate, when I was 8.- 8 ёшлигимда конькида уча олардим.

I can’t find my umbrella, I could have left it in the bus (or I could have lost it on my way home). - Мен ўзимнинг соябонимни топа олмаяпман, мен уни автобусда қолдирган бўлишим мумкин (ёки Мен уни уйга қайтаётиб йўқотган бўлишим мумкин).

She could have rung him up, but she didn’t want to. - У (қиз) унга (ўғил) қўнғироқ қилиши мумкин эди, лекин у (қиз) хоҳламади.

She says that she can’t come. - У (қиз) айтаяптики, у (қиз) кела олмас экан.

She said, that she couldn’t come. - У (қиз) айтдики, у (қиз) кела олмас экан.

I could run two miles without stopping when I was younger (not “I was able to run ...”). - Ёшроқ бўлганимда мен тўхтамасдан икки миль югура олардим.

My mother could cook beautifully (not “My mother was able to cook ...”). - Менинг онам жуда яхши таом тайёрлай оларди.

I could hear the quail singing (not “I was hearing ...”). - Мен бедананинг сайраётганини эшитдим (ёки эшитишим мумкин эди).

A passer-by was able to rescue a drowning boy (not “A passer-by could rescue ...”). - Йўловчи чўкаётган болани қутқара олди. but A passer-by wasn’t able to rescue a drowning boy.or A passer-by could not rescue a drowning boy.

Bad news can be very sad - Ёмон хабарлар жуда ғамгин бўлиши мумкин.

Can you come to a meeting next week?or Will you be able to come to a meeting next week? (near future) - Сен келаси ҳафта мажлисга кела оласанми?

I will be able to speak English next year (not “I can speak English next year”) (far future ) - Мен келаси йил инглиз тилида гаплаша оламан.

Could I possibly borrow your pen? (asking permission politely)- Сизнинг ручкангизни олиб турсам майлими?

Could you open the door? My hands are full. (asking smb politely to do smth for you) - Эшикни очиб бера оласизми? Менинг қўлларим банд.

Can you ride a bike? - Сен велосипедда уча оласанми?

He has been able to swim for almost a year (not “He can/could ...”) (can has no present perfect) - У (ўғил) деярли бир йил сузиб юра олди.

He could smell something burning. (not “He was smelling ...”) - У нимадир куяётганини ҳис қилди.

Surely you can’t be hungry. You have only just had lunch (negative for saying that you sure smth is not true). - Сенинг қорнинг оч бўлиши мумкин эмас. Сен ҳозиргина тушлик қилдинг.

Can I help you? - Сизга ёрдам бера оламанми?

He asked if he could help me (not “he can help me”). - У сўради, менга ёрдам бера олиш-олмаслигини.

You could have phoned me. Why didn’t you phone me? - Сен менга қўнғироқ қилишинг мумкин эди. Нега менга қўнғироқ қилмадинг?
If he had gone out a bit earlier, he could have caught the bus (not “he can have caught the bus”). - Агар у уйдан сал эртароқ чиққанида эди, у автобусга улгурган бўлар эди.

He cannot have said it. - У буни айтган бўлиши мумкин эмас. But She said, that he couldn’t have said it. -У айтдики, у буни айтган бўлиши мумкин эмас.

This telegram can be posted today (tomorrow).- Бу телеграммани бугун (эртага) жўнатиш мумкин. but This telegram could be posted yesterday.Бу телеграмма кеча жўнатилган бўлиши мумкин.(Балким, бу телеграмма кеча жўнатилган) This letter can be sent today.

The doorbell is ringing. It could be Nick (not “It can be Nick”). - Эшик қўнғироғи жиринглаяпти. Бу Ник бўлиши мумкин.

I’m so angry, I could scream. (now) - Шундай жахлим чиқиб турибдики, бақириб юборишим мумкин.

I was so angry I could have screamed. (past) - Шундай жахлим чиқиб турган эдики, бақириб юборишим мумкин эди.

I could do anything I wanted when I stayed with my grandma. (general permission) - Мен бувимникида яшаганимда ҳоҳлаган нарсамни қила олардим.

They were allowed to visit him in hospital yesterday. (