«d» is usually silent in these words: handkerchief, handsome
e:
«e» is silent at the end of a word when it follows a single consonant, as in «bite» or «shine». The final «e» changes the vowel in the middle of the word from a short to a long sound: «a» is pronounced as /ei/ in «pale», «e» is as /i:/ in «Pete», «i» is as /ai/ in «fine», «o» is as /ou/ in «note» and «u» is as /u:/ in «flute» or /ju:/ as in «use».
g:
«g» is silent in «gm» at the end of a word: diaphragm, paradigm, phlegm
«g» is also silent in «gn» at the beginning or end of a word: gnome, gnaw, gnash, gnat, gnarled / sign, design, resign, consign, assign, ensign, campaign, foreign, malign, deign, reign, benign, impugn and in the word champagne
