Ordinance Governing

Practicals

• 
  Organoleptic identification of ten medicinal plants
  

• 
  Morphological identification of five families
  
• 
  Anatomical characteristics and dissection of root and stem of two medicinal plants
  
• 
  Floral formula and floral diagram of five medicinal plants
  

Reference Books:

 S.H., Afaq, Standardization of herbal drugs, Publication division, AMU, Aligarh.1994.

 R. Mitra, Bibliography of Pharmacognocy of Medicinal Plants, EBIS, Lucknow.

 W.H.Hobart, Instrumental method of analysis, CBS, New Delhi.

 T.E. Wallis, Textbook of Pharmacognosy, 5th Ed. J. &A. Churchill Ltd., London, 1967.

 Tyler, V.E., Brady, L.R.&Robber J.E., Pharmacognocy Lae Faibiger, Philadelphia, 1976.

 Peach & Tracey, K.V., Modern method of Plant analysis, Spriger Verlag Berlin, Gottengen Heidelberg, 1955.

 Johnson, D.A., Plant Micro technique, Tata Mc Graw Hill Book Company, New York, 1940.

Paper – 2

Research Methodology and Biostatistics
Research Methodology

• 
  Types of research
  

1. 
   Literary research
   
2. 
   Clinical research
   

1. 
   Phases of Clinical Trials
   

3. 
   Experimental research
   
4. 
   Observation and field studies
   

• 
  Trends and possibilities of research in Unani System
  
• 
  Research problems
  

1. 
   Definition
   
2. 
   Selection and sources of research problems
   

• 
  Hypothesis
  

1. 
   Types: Null and alternate hypothesis
   

• 
  Research designs
  

1. 
   Types of Research designs
   

• 
  Controls in research designs
  

1. 
   Selection criteria
   
2. 
   Placebo and plain control
   
3. 
   Randomization
   
4. 
   Balancing and matching
   

• 
  Factors effecting research results.
  
• 
  Tools and techniques in research
  

1. 
   Interview, questionnaire, inventories, scales
   
2. 
   Rating scales
   
3. 
   Analytical tools for experimental research – introduction.
   

• 
  Computer programmes used in research
  

1. 
   Minitab
   
2. 
   SPSS
   

• 
  Protocols for research and report writing
  

1. 
   Protocols for experimental, clinical and community based research.
   
2. 
   Writing research report.
   
3. 
   References in research report.
   

1. 
   Books
   
2. 
   Journals
   
3. 
   Compendia
   
4. 
   Bulletins
   
5. 
   WHO Reports
   
6. 
   Internet Sites
   

• 
  Guidelines for Research
  

1. 
   WHO
   
2. 
   ICMR
   
3. 
   CPCSEA
   

Bio-Statistics

• 
  Scope and utility of Biostatistics
  
• 
  Descriptive Statistics
  

1. 
   Analysis of Data
   

1. 
   Data collection, tabulation and presentation of data.
   
2. 
   Measure of central tendency – Mean, Median and Mode.
   
3. 
   Measures of dispersion: Range, quatratile deviation, standard deviation.
   

1. 
   Probability
   

1. 
   Definition and laws of probability
   
2. 
   Types of probability distribution
   
3. 
   NPC and its application size
   
4. 
   Randomized samples
   

1. 
   Sampling
   

1. 
   Types and sample size
   
2. 
   Randomized sampling
   

• 
  Inferential Statistics
  

1. 
   Correlation and linear regression
   

1. 
   Karl Pearson correlation coefficient
   
2. 
   Linear regression equations.
   

2. 
   Test of significance
   

1. 
   ‘t’ test
   
2. 
   ‘z’ test.
   

3. 
   Test of variance
   

1. 
   ANOVA one way
   
2. 
   ANOVA two way.
   

4. 
   Non-parametric tests
   

1. 
   Median test, Mann Whitney U test.
   
2. 
   Kruskall Wallis test, Fried test.
   

• 
  Vital Statistics
  
  1. 
     Rate and Ratios
     
  2. 
     Standardization of population
     
  3. 
     Risk factors
     

Recommended Reading

S.N.	Title of the book	Edition &Volume	Name of the Author	Publisher	Year of Publication
1	Analytical chemistry	----	Christian	Mc Graw Hill Publication	2004
2	Basic and clinical Biostatistics	--	Dawson & Trep	----	1994
3	CPCSEA Guidelines	-------	----------	www.cpcsea.org	2001
4	Ethical guidelines for biomedical research in human subjects	----------	-	ICMR, New Delhi	2000
5	Fundamentals of experimental pharmacology	--------	M.N.Gosh	Scientific book Agency	1994
6	Medical ethics and introduction to Biostatistics	II Edition	C.M.Francis	Jay pee Brothers New Delhi .	2004
7	Methods of bio statistics	-------	R.T.Bhaskar	Paras Publishing company	2004
8	Practical approach to P.G.Dissertation	I Edition	R Ravindran and B.A Geetanjali	Jay pee Brothers New Delhi .	1997
9	Research Design	----	Mc Guigain	Mc Graw Hill Publication	1980
10	Research methodology	---	A.K. Kothari	New Age Publishers , Delhi	2003
11	Research methodology and Bio-statistics in pharmacology	----	M.Aslam & S .Singh	Academic publication, Nai sarak, New Delhi	2005
12	Screening Methods of Pharmacology	----	R.Turner	----	1965

Paper - 3

General Pharmacology and Experimental Pharmacology
General Pharmacology

• 
  Drug Pharmacology
  
  1. 
     Pharmacognosy
     
  2. 
     Pharmacy
     
  3. 
     Pharmacokinetics
     
  4. 
     Pharmacodynamics
     
  5. 
     Therapeutics
     
  6. 
     Toxicology
     
  7. 
     Clinical pharmacology
     
  8. 
     Pharmaceutics
     
  9. 
     Clinical pharmacology
     
  10. 
      Pharmacogenetics
      

• 
  Routes of Administration
  

• 
  Pharmacokinetics
  

1. 
   Absorption of drugs
   
2. 
   Distribution of drugs
   
3. 
   Metabolism of drugs
   
4. 
   Excretion of drugs
   
5. 
   Bioavailability and half life of drugs
   
6. 
   Dose response curve, LD₅₀, ED₅₀
   

• 
  Pharmacodynamics
  
  1. 
     Receptor mediated drug action
     
  2. 
     Receptor-ligand interaction
     
  3. 
     Receptor families
     

• 
  Drug interactions
  

• 
  Adverse Drugs Rections
  

Experimental Pharmacology

• 
  Common laboratory animals, characteristics and experimental uses.
  
• 
  Factors affecting drug response.
  
• 
  Drug administration (Oral and IV) and withdraw of blood samples
  
• 
  Dose conversion factors.
  
• 
  Vehicles for animal administration.
  
• 
  Isolated tissue preparation.
  
• 
  Methods of rendering the animal unconscious.
  
• 
  Anaesthetics used in lab animals.
  
• 
  Basic equipment.
  
• 
  Physiological salt solutions.
  
• 
  Standard drugs and chemicals
  
• 
  Bioassay
  

1. 
   Scope
   
2. 
   Principles
   
3. 
   Designing
   
4. 
   Types
   

• 
  Drugs Screening
  

a)High throughput screening

(b)Blind screening

c) Screening Tests:

Central depressant, Anxiolytic, Anti-convulsant, Analgesic,

Anti inflammatory, cardiovascular agents on cat BP,

Hepato protective agents, etc

Toxicity Studies

1. 
   Acute
   
2. 
   Sub acute
   
3. 
   Chronic studies
   

Practicals
In-vivo Experiments

• 
  To study the general pharmacology and gross behaviour in mice and rats.
  
• 
  To study the effects of pentobarbital Induced hypnosis in mice.
  
• 
  To study the effects of chlorpromazine on the locomotor activity using photoactometer in rats.
  
• 
  To study the analgesic activity of morphine using tail flick method by analgesiometer in mice.
  
• 
  To study the analgesic activity of morphine using hot plate method in mice.
  
• 
  To study the analgesic activity of asprin using acetic acid induced writhing test in rats.
  
• 
  To study the anti-inflammatory activity of asprin / indomethacin against carrageenin induced paw edema in mice.
  
• 
  To study the anticonvulsant activity of phenytoin using convulsiometer in rats.
  
• 
  To study the antisecretory and ulcer protective effect of H₂ -Blockers in rats.
  

In-vitro Experiments (on isolated preparations)

• 
  To record a concentration response curve (CRC) of acetylcholine using ileum preparation..
  
• 
  To record the effect of spasmogenic and spasmolytic drugs on the CRC of acetylcholine using ileum preparation.
  
• 
  Tostudy effect of cardiac drugs on frog heart.
  

Recommended Reading

1. 
   Baskar R.T., (2004): Methods of Bio Statistics, Paras Publishing Co.
   
2. 
   Christian, (2004): Analytical Chemistry, Mc Graw Hill Publication.
   
3. 
   CPCSEA Guidelines 2001
   
4. 
   Dawson & Trep, (1994): Basic and Clinical Bio Statistics, A Lange Medical Book.
   
5. 
   Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical research in Human subjects 2000 ICMR New Delhi.
   
6. 
   Francis, C.M., Medical Ethics II Edition 2004, Jay Pee Brothers, New Delhi.
   
7. 
   Glover & Mitchell, (2002): An Introduction to Bio Statistics, Mc Graw Hill Publication.
   
8. 
   Good Clinical Practices: GOI Guidelines for clinical trials on pharmaceutical products in India.
   
9. 
   Gosh M.N., (1994): Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology, Scientific Book Agency.
   
10. 
    ICMR –Guidelines on animal use 2001 ICMR New Delhi
    
11. 
    Kothari A.K., (2003): Research Methodology, New Age Publishers, Delhi.
    
12. 
    Mc Guigain, (1980): Research Design, Tata Mc Graw Hill Publication.
    
13. 
    Prof. W.H. Vogel: Drug Discovery & Evaluation Pharmacological Assays, Springer Verlag Publications.
    
14. 
    R. Turner, (1965): Screening Methods of Pharmacology.
    
15. 
    Raveendran, R. and Gitanjali, B.A. – Practical approach to PG Dissertation I Edition 1997, Jay Pee Brothers Medical Publishers pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
    
16. 
    Research Methodology & Bio Statistics in Pharmacology, Surender Singh, M.Aslam, Academic Publication, Nai Sarak, Delhi.
    
17. 
    Vogel, (1999): An Introduction to Analytical Chemistry, Mc Graw Hill Publication.
    

Paper – 4

Standardisation of Unani Drugs

3. 
   Aims and Objectives of Standardisation
   
4. 
   Standardisation of Herbal, Mineral, and Animal origin drugs
   
5. 
   Physical Standardisation
   
   1. 
      Moisture content.
      
   2. 
      Viscosity.
      
   3. 
      Melting point
      
   4. 
      Solubility
      
   5. 
      Optical rotation
      
   6. 
      Refractive index
      
   7. 
      Ash values
      
   8. 
      Extractive values
      
   9. 
      pH
      
   10. 
       Successive extractives
       
   11. 
       Bulk density
       

6. 
   Chemical standardisation
   

1. 
   Quantitative Chemical Tests.
   

1. 
   Acid value
   
2. 
   Ester value
   
3. 
   Peroxide value
   
4. 
   Iodine value
   
5. 
   Hydroxyl value
   
6. 
   Saponification value
   

1. 
   Qualitative Chemical Tests for:
   

1. 
   Alkaloides
   
2. 
   Carbohydrates
   
3. 
   Glycosides Saponins Phenols Resins
   
4. 
   Esters
   
5. 
   Alcohol
   
6. 
   Acids
   
7. 
   Volatile oil
   
8. 
   Fats
   
9. 
   Fixed oils
   
10. 
    Flavinoids,proteins
    
11. 
    Steroids
    
12. 
    Tannins
    
13. 
    Adultration in oils
    

7. 
   Analytical methods in drug analysis
   

1. 
   Sublimation
   
2. 
   Distillation
   
3. 
   Methods of separation and isolation of marker compounds
   
4. 
   Chromatography
   

1. 
   Types, aims and objectives.
   
2. 
   Thin layer chromatography and HPTLC
   
3. 
   Paper Chromatography
   
4. 
   Column Chromatography.
   
5. 
   Liquid Chromatography.
   
6. 
   Gas Chromatography.
   

Introduction and applications of HPLC,, Mass Spectroscopy,

5. 
   General description of electrophoresis
   
6. 
   Spectroscopy: UV and flame photometry
   
7. 
   Fluorescence study of crude drugs
   

8. 
   Quality control of drugs of Unani System of Medicine
   

1. 
   Adulteration of drugs
   
2. 
   Aflatoxin contamination
   
3. 
   Factors affecting quality of drugs
   

9. 
   Standardisation of compound formulations
   

(Arq, Majoon, Safoof, Qurs and other dosage forms)

1. 
   Process standardisation.
   
2. 
   Product standardisation.
   
3. 
   Stability studies.
   
4. 
   Separate parameters for each class of unani drugs
   

 Introduction to organic chemistry

(a)IUPAC Names

2. 
   Functional groups
   

Alcohols, esters, aldehydes, carboxylic acids

Practicals

10. 
    Practical demonstration of
    

1. 
   Total ash values
   
2. 
   , acid insoluble ash.
   
3. 
   Water soluble,
   
4. 
   Sulphated ash values.
   

11. 
    Determination of moisture content.
    
12. 
    Determination of extractive values.
    
13. 
    Determination of Acid values, iodine value, peroxide value,
    

saponin value, ester value hydroxyl value.

14. 
    Determination of refractive index.
    
15. 
    Determination of Rf value by TLC.
    

Successive extractives

Total alkaloids

Total phenols

Total resins

total tannins

16. 
    Preprative TLC
    
17. 
    TLC for seperation of Sugers, Aminoacids, alkaloids.
    

® Standard solutions and volumetric analysis