Page 1 Report Substrate Materials for intersectoral biogas strategy Foreword
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1827 1743
1918 1797
1856 2617 1036 1602
2051 1491
2162 317 2988 1637 2017 BUS - Bedok NOK / kWh 0.04 -0.02
0.11 -0.10
0.18 0.25 -0.16 -0.04
0.13 -0.08
0.17 -0.30 0.16 RO - manure U.S. / CO 2 -Eq
2351 2351
2351 2351
2351 2303
2399 2687
2016 RO - sambehandling (1:18) U.S. / CO 2 -Eq
2207 2171
2244 2165
2248 2591
1823
199 The figures below show the results from the full sensitivity analysis -0.30
0.70 1.70
2.70 NOK / kWh Net economic cost of production - manure +50%
-50% 0% 1.25 0.00 -0.30
0.70 1.70
2.70 NOK / kWh Business Financial losses during production - manure +50%
-50% 0% 1.27 0.00
200 -0.30
0.70 1.70
2.70 NOK / kWh Net economic production - organic waste +50%
-50% 0% 0.54 0.00 -0.30
0.70 1.70
2.70 NOK / kWh Business Financial losses during production - organic waste +50%
-50% 0% 0,002
201 -0.30
0.70 1.70
2.70 NOK / kWh Net economic production - realistic potential +50%
-50% 0% 0.84 0.00 -0.30
0.70 1.70
2.70 NOK / kWh Business Financial losses during production - realistic potential +50%
-50% 0% 0.55 0.00
202 -0.30
0.70 1.70
2.70 NOK / kWh Value Chain buses - manure +50%
-50% 0% 0.93 0.00 -500
500 1500
2500 3500
£ / tonne CO 2 -Eq Value chain: city buses - manure +50%
-50% 0% 2275 0
203 -0.30
0.70 1.70
2.70 NOK / kWh Value chain: city buses - organic waste +50%
-50% 0% 0.22 0.00 -500
500 1500
2500 3500
£ / tonne CO 2 -Eq Value chain: city buses - organic waste +50%
-50% 0% 1128 0
204 -0.30
0.70 1.70
2.70 NOK / kWh Value chain: city buses - realistic potential +50%
-50% 0% 0.53 0.00 -500
500 1500
2500 3500
£ / tonne CO 2 -Eq Value chain: city buses - realistic potential +50%
-50% 0% 1827 0
205 -0.30
0.70 1.70
2.70 NOK / kWh Business Financial loss for bus companies +50%
-50% 0% 0.04
206 -0.30
0.70 1.70
2.70 NOK / kWh Value chain: Gas Supply RO - manure +50%
-50% 0% 0.97 0.00 -500
500 1500
2500 3500
£ / tonne CO 2 -Eq Value chain: Gas Supply RO - manure +50%
-50% 0% 2351 0
207 -0.30
0.70 1.70
2.70 NOK / kWh Value chain: Gas Supply RO - sambehandling +50%
-50% 0% 0.80 0.00 -500
500 1500
2500 3500
£ / tonne CO 2 -Eq Value chain: Gas Supply RO - sambehandling +50%
-50% 0% 2207 0
208
209 Appendix 3 a) Existing and new instruments in the waste sector Excerpt from Mepex report (2012) Review of existing instruments Norwegian waste policy and requirements for handling organic waste, s 12-24: Organic waste is part of the overall national target of 75% recycling by 2010 and subsequently to 80% based on the amount of waste recycled increased in line with what is an economic and environmentally sensible level. Waste includes materials, biological treatment and incineration with energy recovery. A distinction is made between small recycling options, but officials point out that the material / biological treatment should be preferred to energy recovery when the methods are otherwise equal. Combustion of organic waste together with other combustible wastes is therefore defined as one of recycling methods for organic waste, although most of this waste has high water content and thus low calorific value. There is at present no specific national goals for utilization of organic waste. How resources of this waste to be utilized must be considered from a more general goals and principles. RM 'one from 1999-2000 indicate that it is primarily desirable to utilize the resources of organic waste by bringing it back into the natural cycle as fertilizer and soil conditioner. In accordance with the Pollution Act guidelines shall solution for organic waste selected from an overall assessment of environmental, resource and economic factors. Organic waste is also covered by earnings goal of prevention which states that developments in the quantity to be significantly lower than the economic growth. Legal instruments Ban on landfilling of organic waste At the request of the Authority (now CPA) introduced the county governors in most provinces ban on landfilling of organic waste in the period 1995-2000, but with somewhat different interpretation of the fractions that were prohibited. In 2002, the implementation of the EU Landfill Directive in Norwegian legislation introduced a national ban on landfilling of organic waste through landfill requirements in the regulations. Requirement to separation of food waste from the catering Several municipalities established on 90 -'s own regulations that required the collection of biowaste waste from the catering to animal feed. The requirements on the collection included companies that generated over than certain amount per week. The limit varied from municipality to municipality with many lay in range 50 kg per week. These regulations were after a transition phase repealed by amendment waste definitions in pollution control.
210 Ban on landfilling of biodegradable waste In 2009, the ban on landfilling of organic waste subject to all applicable biological biodegradable waste with a TOC content> 10%. The ban on landfilling of biodegradable waste is primarily justified to reduce methane emissions from landfills. Instrument must be considered as very strong and have discontinued treatment for disposal as waste with the biowaste waste. Requirements for minimum energy utilization Waste not stipulate any precise targets for energy efficiency, but says "Incinerators must be designed, built and operated in such a way that all the thermal energy generated by incineration process is recovered as far as practicable. " The permissions for waste incineration plants will normally 50% energy recovery as a minimum which means that incineration plants must utilize heat energy process steam or district heating. Licenses and therefore an incentive to increase resource utilization of organic waste that is incinerated together with other waste, and avoids the creation of waste incineration plants with very low energy utilization. The average energy utilization by the Norwegian waste incinerators was 77 percent in 2010 as a share provided by the energy produced. Requirements for the handling of animal waste European Union - Regulation on animal by-products (by product Regulation) sets standards for the treatment of different types of animal waste, the requirements of transport and marketing of waste and requirements for treatment plants. The requirements vary between different types of animal waste depending on the potential of infection. A key requirement for biological treatment is the requirement of grinding to a maximum of 12 mm and disinfection in a separate hygieniseringsenhet at 70 C for 60 min. All biogas plants must approval from the FDA for regulations on products. Requirements for disposal of digestate in agriculture or green area Fertilizers Goods Regulations set requirements for maximum levels of contaminants mm in fertilizer and soil produced from waste and use limitations on the use of agricultural and green areas. No one can sell products before they are enrolled and registered in FDA. Join lan only occur when the sufficient evidence of manure and soil to be traded. Requirements for cross-border transport of waste The provisions on cross-border transport is based on common EU rules which are based on provisions of the Basel Convention mm. In this framework, it just wastes listed in green waste list that can be exported without license (permission) from the CPA and the competent authority in recipient country. For wastes listed in the yellow and red list waste is in principle an embargo, but permission (consent) may be given. For the export of waste for utilization, for example. exports of organic waste for biogas plants in Sweden and Denmark, there is normally no problem to get permission.
211 In principle must be obtained consent from the Climate and Pollution Agency, and the corresponding authority in the host country, to export waste. There are however a number of exemptions. Specific types of waste (green waste) being exported for recycling in EU countries and other selected land not normally covered by the requirements for consent. National authorities may impose more stringent requirements for export if it is environmentally justified in violation of laws. Requirement for authorization Waste treatment plants that may cause pollution or be unsightly shall be authorized by pollution control authorities. This includes composting plants and biogas plants. Authority to grant permits and conduct inspections of such facilities is delegated to the county governors. The relevant businesses have to pay fees for government work permits and inspections. Renewable Energy Directive Renewable Directive aims to increase the share of renewable energy to establish binding targets for the some countries. For Norway, the demand for renewables set to 67.5% in 2020. Simultaneously, the general requirement of 10% share of renewables in the transport sector apply from the same year. The Directive sets conditions for the production of biofuels and biogas will come here very well. The objectives of the Directive is ambitious and will be difficult to fulfill. Approx. 25% of energy associated with the transport, while the proportion of renewable total amount of transport is at 3.3% 34 The total fuel consumption in the transport sector is about. 50 TWh and is estimated to increase to close to 60 TWh in 2020. 35 To reach the 10% target, the consumption of renewable fuel therefore increase to at least 6 TWh in 2020. Gross potential for biogas waste (organic waste, sludge and manure) are different estimates set to between 4 and 6 TWh. This potential can hardly sounds full of fuel. SFT (now CPA) estimated the technical - Economic potential of biogas to 1.4 TWh. The potential can be increased significantly if the development Cost Effective 2 generation of biogas production based on forest resources. Biogas from waste for fuel would be a contributor to a new target in the Renewable Energy Directive, but can with current technology can not meet the need for renewable fuels in Norway.
Tax on the disposal of waste The purpose of the fee is to praise the environmental costs of waste treatment and thereby stimulate recycling. The fee covered the former landfill and incineration of waste, but from 1 October 2010 is the only landfill covered by the fee. 34 Ann Christin Bøeng - Implications for Norway by the EU Renewables Directive - SSB Economic Survey 4/2010 35 KanEnergi / Insa - Assessment of biofuels in the transport sector
212 Support for R & D It is used in different contexts support funding for research, development, testing and evaluation of processing solutions for organic waste, sewage sludge and manure. Major projects include source separation project (1993 - 1998) and
The last major program was ORIO - "Organic waste products - resources in circulation" that helped support various projects in the period 1999-2004. The program was funded by Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Agriculture and had a budget of 30-35000000 enough. Today it is primarily research council that supports various research projects on biogas. Several projects specifically related to biogas in agriculture is supported in recent years. Summary and evaluation of effects of current instruments Legal instruments Prohibition of disposal of organic waste The ban on landfilling gave an incentive to introduce recycling of biowaste waste in the municipalities where the deposition was waste solution. Seemingly the means that incineration with energy recovery, composting and biogas were equal treatment methods for organic waste. The prohibition therefore provided an incentive to increase both biological treatment capacity, increase capacity for treatment of food waste to feed and increased thermal processing.
Means significantly increased the collection of wet organic waste large households. After termination of the regulations, it appears that more people have quit sort this waste. There are no good statistics to verify this impression.
The ban was included in the waste disposal regulations in Chapter 2009. Means, according available statistics from Statistics Norway, first and foremost lead to increased combustion of organic waste (Household waste) and to a lesser extent to increased recycling. Requirements for reduced emissions of landfill gas landfills This requirement has led to a significant reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from already deposited organic waste. Waste does not require containment level or exploitation of landfill gas that could have contributed to increased resource utilization and further reduction of greenhouse gases from previously deposited organic waste.
Requirements for min. 50% energy utilization grass provides an incentive to increase resource utilization of wet organic waste incinerated with other wastes, although energy yield by thermal treatment of such waste is low. Importantly, what is with this requirement avoiding the creation of waste incineration plants with very low energy utilization. The average energy utilization by the Norwegian waste incinerator was 77 percent in 2010, measured as a percentage of delivered energy produced.
By-product regulation has resulted in increased costs for biological treatment. At the same Regulations means the hygiene standards on farms raised which contributes to increased protection against infection and thus increased legitimacy to biological treatment. By-product regulation has meant that it is no longer allowed to use food waste to animal feed to livestock due. risk of disease transmission.
213 Requirements for disposal of digestate in agriculture or green area Fertilizers Goods Regulations has led to greater focus on producing quality products with low content of impurities and products, agricultural requested. These regulations are designed so that the heavy metal requirements related to solids. This gives advantageous for compost through the process applied solids through the use of structure material. Biogas plant however consume solids and are therefore penalized, Although the content of micro contaminants in the waste being processed is the same. If the requirements were related to fertilizer value instead solids will heavy burden on agricultural land not be larger than the current requirements, but it will be easier to use the digestate. Regulations are changing. Economic instruments Tax on disposal of waste After that there was a ban on landfilling of biodegradable waste in 2009, the tax had little or no effect to prevent the deposition of organic waste. The loss of emissions tax on incineration may lead to it being more beneficial to metabolize organic waste compared to exploit it by composting or biogas production. Investment to biogas plant (Enova) The program currently has provided support to 15 plants. The biogas projects under planning or construction has received support from Enova. There is no facility to be built without support. The arrangement must therefore be said to have an effect. There are strict criteria form to get support and much of the investment is outside the scheme. Investment support for the use of biogas in the transport sector (Transnova) There are limited resources in the project and Transnova priority development projects or the use of known technologies in new areas. Transnova has supported the establishment of filling stations for biogas including in Oslo, Fredrikstad and feasibility studies etc. for the use of biogas in the transport sector.
There have been no reason to make any evaluations of the R & D - projects, but in general, support for R & D will be important to address challenges common to an industry which can lead to better and more cost effective solutions.
214 The current legal instruments have been primary purpose is to reduce the amount of organic waste in landfill. Landfill ban has worked effectively for this purpose and has led to organic waste that previously went to landfill now available for combustion with energy recovery or biological treatment. The tools for organic waste have both been designed to: Reducing the environmental impact of waste management Ensure a better resource utilization of the waste Yet there is a distinct difference in the choice of means to reach the two target areas. The instruments used to reduce the environmental impact has been strong and effective legal instruments, while for increased resources have been utilized various financial instruments not have had the same lasting effect. If we look at the number of biogas plants established in Norway, Sweden and Denmark so there is a noticeable difference, see Table 3a.1. Different policy instruments are part of the reason for this. Table 3a.1: Number of biogas plants in Norway, Sweden and Denmark. Yüklə 1,22 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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