The morphological structure of complex place names: the case of Dutch
199
to the individual components (see Berm´udez-Otero
2012
, particularly Section
4
for
a detailed discussion and different sources of evidence in favor of the general pro-
posal). Under this assumption, the phonology is able to ‘see’ the internal structure
of the names in question, and, accordingly, treats them as morphologically com-
plex forms.
9
Such complex lexical entries instruct the grammar on how to associate
units of representation in different modules; following Jackendoff (
1997
,
2002
) and
Berm´udez-Otero (
2012
), I represent these associations by means of coindexation.
Consider first the structure of complex lexical entries for suffixed place names on the
basis of the example
Wageningen, given in (23):
(23)
Lexical
entry for Wageningen
ω
suffix
N
+proper
stem
N
+proper
word
N
+proper
ref
1
, [+settlement]
2
1
2
3
[
WL
Wagening
1
- en
2
]
3
↔
↔
Semantics
Syntax
Phonology
The entry contains a referential morpheme
Wagening- (annotated with the sub-
script 1) and the toponymic suffix
-en (subscript 2); the complex word resulting from
the combination of these morphemes is annotated with the subscript 3. The double
arrows indicate how the different modules interact: that is, syntax (middle box) and
semantics (left box) interact, syntax and phonology (right box) interact, but there is
no interaction between semantics and phonology.
I assume that name morphemes always carry a syntactic feature [
+proper], which
differentiates them from morphemes building common nouns. The phonological
string
Wagening-, which I have referred to as a referential morpheme throughout this
paper, is a noun / name stem whose sole semantic content is a referential pointer
(given as
ref ); the pointer provides a unique reference to a settlement. The morpheme
is an independent prosodic word, but it lacks a semantic specification as a settlement.
This semantic specification, which I give as the feature [
+settlement], is contributed
by the toponymic, stress-neutral suffix
-en. Due to its stress-neutrality, the suffix does
9
The computation is thus independent of whether a name is analytically listed in the lexicon, or not. This
makes it possible to capture regularities in place naming while, at the same time, idiosyncratic aspects can
be captured as well; in the case at hand, this particularly concerns the choice of a classifier. That is, there
is no inherent linguistic motivation why the name stem
Loos- combines with -
drecht and not with -
dam,
or -
huizen, etc.
200
B. K¨ohnlein
not affect the stress patterns of the underived base word. Therefore, in (23), the suf-
fix is not attached to the prosodic word node at the word level (WL). Instead, we can
assume that it will be incorporated in a higher-level node in the prosodic hierarchy.
10
The representation in (23) also straightforwardly captures the predictable patterns
of derivation that these names display. As indicated in (2), the referential morpheme
can combine with other suffixes that serve, e.g., a demonymic function (
-er), or indi-
cate the local dialect (-
s); the derivation follows similar lines. Notably, as
-en and
-er are stress-neutral suffixes, the resulting forms do not violate the Three-Syllable
Window, and are thus phonologically regular.
Let us move on to the representation of names with classifiers, which take the
shape of compounds. With respect to these items, we have to distinguish between
forms in which the first constituent predictably receives compound stress (type
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