Сборник материалов международной научной конференции студентов, магистрантов, аспирантов
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- Е.О. Ничишина
Д.В. НамятоваРеспублика Беларусь, Брест, БрГУ имени А.С. Пушкина Научный руководитель – Н.Н. Домбровская ENGLISH AS A MEANS OF INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONThe need for an international language has always existed. In the past it was about religion and intellectual debate. With the technologies of today, it's about communicating with others anywhere in the world in a matter of moments. During the previous 1,300 years Latin had been the main language of the Western Christian tradition – the language of prayer, hymn, sacred texts and religious debate. It was also the language with which Renaissance scientists spoke to each other. However, this hold on religious and intellectual minds was broken by the rise of national cultures. The peoples of the countries where Latin was being used spoke their own languages and dialects. Once these came to be written down, more and more people started to ask their churches and religious authorities to speak, write and deliver some, most, or all religion in those local languages. Later inventors of international languages tried to bring about world peace with their inventions, the most famous of which is Esperanto. It didn't catch on sufficiently for the world’s politicians to need or want to learn it. Slowly, another international language emerged, spoken by diplomats, scientists, artists, business people and many more. And it’s English. Why exactly English was became international language and when? Two primary reasons are, the British Empire and American Hegemony. The British Empire, at its height covered about 1/5 of the world’s land and its people. Add to that the United States, and by the early 20th century, roughly 1/4 of the world’s population lived in places where English was the language of the state and commerce. By controlling such a large portion of global trade, foreign merchants and businessmen were encouraged to learn English to gain access to this trade. Even after decolonization, many former colonies choose to retain the status of English as it allowed them to maintain or foster relations with other former British colonies, whereas using only their native language would have greatly hindered foreign relations and trade. Also, many former colonies had multiple native languages. Declaring any one the language of the state would be seen as promoting one ethnic group over the others. English was seen as a compromise as it offered little advantage to any particular group. Of course, other European countries had colonies around the world, and many countries today still use languages such as French and Spanish. So why didn't they gain the same prominence as English? In the case of Spanish, the Spanish Empire collapsed a century earlier, when international trade and communication was much more limited. Also, the Spanish-speaking states often had hostile relations, so instead of creating a massive Spanish-speaking trade bloc, they fell into fighting and protectionism. In the case of French, by the 20th Century, France had already lost most of it holdings in the Americas, thanks to the Napoleonic Wars most of Europe was fairly hostile towards France, and decolonization in French colonies was more violent than in British colonies, which created hostility to anything French particularly in places like Algeria and Vietnam. After World War II, the USA, which escaped major destruction, became the de facto leader of the anti-communist world. The USA was, and still remains, the largest manufacturer and the largest consumer market in the world; therefore it was vitally important for any business to gain a presence in the USA market. It also helped that nearly all the former British colonies stayed outside the Soviet sphere of influence. Because of American influence on commerce, many people in Western Europe learned English. Therefore, English eventually became the de facto language of the EU as it was the language that the largest portion of people knew. German is the most widely-spoken native language in the EU, but right after World War II, German was not viewed as an acceptable language for European society. On top of being the language of commerce and the language of state for a large number of countries, English has also become the language of academia, thanks to the fact that most of the top universities and research facilities are in English-speaking countries. Therefore, people who want to excel in a particular discipline, often need to learn English.
2. Rosen, M. How English evolved into a global language [Electronic resource] / M. Rosen. – Mode of access: http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-12017753. – Date of access: 17.03.2015. В статье идет речь об английском языке как об универсальном средстве международного общения. На основе исторических данных, объясняются причины распространения английского языка по всему миру. Е.О. НичишинаРеспублика Беларусь, Брест, БрГУ имени А.С. Пушкина Научный руководитель – И.В. Повх SMALL BUSINESS SUPPORT IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUSJudging from the best practices of advanced economies, small and medium business plays a major part in the economy: its development facilitates economic growth, technological progress, market saturation with high-quality goods, creates additional vacancies etc. The governments of all advanced economies provide great support for small business, which is becoming more and more popular with legally capable population and becomes an important factor of increasing the economic flexibility of the state as a whole. Experts use the small business development criterion to evaluate the ability of the country to adjust to the changing economic environment. To promote entrepreneurship and improve its efficiency the government creates informational, advisory and research centres, innovation funds etc., which facilitates the development of this sector. In general, small and medium business support in the Republic of Belarus benefits from its own efficient procedures. First and foremost, this concerns the small and medium business support infrastructure, which includes the following entities: 1) business support centres (legal entities engaged in activities to ensure economic and institutional support to small and medium businesses). Their primary objective is to assist small and medium business in obtaining the following: financial, material and technical resources; information, teaching and consulting services; training, retraining and employing qualified staff; marketing research. 2) small business incubators (legal persons having the right of ownership, economic management, operational management etc. to premises and property thereon specially equipped to perform office work and goods (work, services) production and leasing them in accordance with the current legislation to newly-formed small businesses in order to assist their development and financial independence). The main objective of a small business incubator is to create organizational and economic conditions for small business development by providing the following: premises and property; information and consulting services; assistance with partner search and financial resource assessment [2]. As of 24 September 2014, there were 95 business support centres and 14 small business incubators (1 incubator in Brest, Vitebsk, Gomel and Grodno regions, 2 in Mogilev, 3 in Minsk region, 5 in the city of Minsk) registered at the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Belarus [1]. The incubators’ activities are aimed at leasing premises, shared office equipment and other property, holding workshops on entrepreneurship and creating the right conditions for the growth and development of small businesses, including the innovative ones. The number of incubator employees in 2013 amounted to 131 people (as compared to 125 people in 2012). Small businesses are placed in an incubator on a competitive basis pursuant to the approved regulations. The priority right for an incubator belongs to small businesses operating in the spheres of goods (works, services) production and introduction of new technologies. There were 328 new jobs created with the help of incubators in the year 2013 (as compared to 466 new jobs in 2012). The government policy on small business support is financed by the Financial Support Fund for Small Business in the Republic of Belarus (FSFSBRB), which is a legal entity. The Financial Support Fund for Small Business in the Republic of Belarus employs the following fund-raising tools:
The Fund secures:
The Financial Support Fund for Small Business in the Republic of Belarus provides small businesses with the following:
Thus, the dynamic development of small business in our country serves to saturate the domestic market with high quality goods and services, create new industries, facilitate competition and employment.
Статья посвящена проблеме поддержки малого предпринимательства как приоритетного направления экономической политики Республики Беларусь. Особое внимание уделяется инфраструктуре поддержки малого и среднего предпринимательства и её субъектам: центрам поддержки предпринимательства и инкубаторам малого предпринимательства. Автор также затрагивает различные аспекты деятельности Белорусского фонда финансовой поддержки предпринимателей (БФФПП). Yüklə 1,51 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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