38. Artificial language - are languages ofa typically very limited size which emergeeither in computer
simulations between artificial agents, robot interactions or controlled psychological experiments with humans. They
are different from both
constructed languages
and
formal languages
in that they have not been consciously devised by
an individual or group but are the result of (distributed) conventionalization processes, much like
natural languages
.
Opposed to the idea of central designer, the field of artificial language evolution in which artificial languages are
studied can be regarded as a sub-part of the more general
cultural
evolution
studies.
39. Coding theory - is the study of the properties of codes andtheir respective fitnessfor specific
applications. Codes are used for
data compression
,
cryptography, error
detection and correction
,
data transmission
and
data storage
. Codes are studied by various scientific disciplines—such as
information theory, electrical
engineering
,
mathematics
,
linguistics
, and
computer science
—for the purpose of designing efficient and reliable
data
transmission
methods. This typically involves the removal of redundancy and the correction or detection of errors in
the transmitted data.
40.
Linguistic evidence - A text with some value in legal proceedings comes in manydifferent forms to
police officers, detectives, private investigators, security specialists, intelligence analysts, attorneys, and private
individuals. Some civil disputes are obviously associated with certain types of linguistic evidence, such as trademarks,
service marks, and patent applications. In certain criminal scenarios, some forms of linguistic evidence are likewise
obvious: a bank robbery note, a threat letter, a suicide note, a ransom note.