60. Induction is a method of cognition in which the researcher comes from theparticular, from individual
facts to the general.
61. The opposite of induction is deduction - the movement of thought from general to particular. Particular
provisions using logic are derived from general premises.
62. The analogy is a method in which conclusions about the properties of a studiedobject are made based
on its similarity with other objects.
63. Empirical methodsare methods involving direct interaction with the object of study, include
observation, description, calculation, measurement, comparison, experiment, and modeling.
Observation is the study of an object using the senses, which meets severalrequirements: observation must
be carried out to achieve a specific goal, carried out according to plan and systematically. Thereby the scientist can
obtain primary information about the object, about its external properties.
The description is a method by which a scientist fixes the identifiedcharacteristics of the object of study.
The account is a method that allows you to determine the quantitative ratio ofobjects of study or their
characteristics.
Measurement is a determination of the numerical value of a certain value thatcharacterizes an object when
using a certain standard.
Comparison is a method that allows a scientist to establish the similarity ordifference between several objects
of study. A scientific comparison, in contrast to an artistic one, is possible only between objects that have similarity,
and only by essential characteristics. A comparison is possible also used to determine the difference between an object
and a reference.
The experiment is a research method in which a scientist creates artificialconditions or uses natural conditions
to reproduce a specific process in given circumstances. The advantage of this method is its repeatability – successful
an experiment can be repeated an unlimited number of times to obtain the same results.
Modeling involves the use of a model; this is a certain system that reproducesthe object of study with a high
degree of similarity. Models can be material (for example, models or dummies) and ideal, that, exists in the mind of
a scientist and fixed in drawings or diagrams. Since the model and the simulated object are similar, the scientist
analyzes the model and transfers the conclusions made to the object of study.