Six characteristics of research

38. Artificial language - are 
languages 
of a typically very limited size which emerge either in computer 
simulations between artificial agents, robot interactions or controlled psychological experiments with humans. They 
are different from both 
constructed languages 
and 
formal languages 
in that they have not been consciously devised by 
an individual or group but are the result of (distributed) conventionalization processes, much like 
natural languages
. 
Opposed to the idea of central designer, the field of artificial language evolution in which artificial languages are 
studied can be regarded as a sub-part of the more general 
cultural
 
evolution 
studies. 
39. Coding theory - is the study of the properties of 
codes 
and their respective fitness for specific 
applications. Codes are used for 
data compression
, 
cryptography, error
 
detection and correction
, 
data transmission 
and 
data storage
. Codes are studied by various scientific disciplines—such as 
information theory, electrical
 
engineering
, 
mathematics
, 
linguistics
, and 
computer science
—for the purpose of designing efficient and reliable 
data 
transmission 
methods. This typically involves the removal of redundancy and the correction or detection of errors in 
the transmitted data.
40. 
Linguistic evidence - A text with some value in legal proceedings comes in many different forms to 
police officers, detectives, private investigators, security specialists, intelligence analysts, attorneys, and private 
individuals. Some civil disputes are obviously associated with certain types of linguistic evidence, such as trademarks, 

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service marks, and patent applications. In certain criminal scenarios, some forms of linguistic evidence are likewise 
obvious: a bank robbery note, a threat letter, a suicide note, a ransom note.