Six characteristics of research

29.
 
Philology is a science that includes two aspects: literature and science of language (linguistics). 
30. Literature studies fiction and is divided into the history of literature, the theory of literature and literary 
criticism. The history of literature studies the development of literature as a process, the development of genres, styles, 
movements, and trends. In the framework of the theory of literature, scientists consider the features of fiction as 
phenomena, the ratio of art works worlds and reality, literary styles, poetics of works (images, ideas, themes, genres, 
composition, rhythm, etc.). Literary criticism interprets and evaluates works.
31. Linguistic studies are divided into: Linguistic studies the human language and individual languages. 
It is divided into theoretical and applied - depending on the objectives of the study. Theoretical linguistics examines 
the general laws of language, describes and explains the facts revealed in the language, and applied linguistics uses 
theories developed in the framework of theoretical linguistics to solve applied problems 
32. Applied linguistics includes translation studies, machine translation, the theory of information retrieval 
systems, the creation of artificial languages, coding theory, linguistic evedence, the theory of teaching a foreign or 
native language, lexicography, defectology (audio pedagogy, speech therapy, aphasiology, oligophrenopedagogy), 
normative linguistics (determining language policy). 
33. The first linguistic paradigm is comparative-historical. It arose in the 16th century and was applied until the 
end of the 19th century. The main questions in comparative historical linguistics are related to a change in language - 
why and how do languages change? Why are some languages alike? Scientists tried to establish how close individual 
languages are, what they were before, what groups and families of languages exist. The most prominent 
representatives of this paradigm is Franz Bopp (1791–1867), who developed a comparative grammar of Indo-
Germanic languages, and Rasmus Rusk (1787–1832), who discovered the correspondences between Indo-European 
and German fricative (noisy) consonants. 
At the moment, some scientists study the history of language, the origin of words (etymology), and other 
problems of comparative historical linguistics. Certain relevance possesses such directions of comparative historical 
linguistics as comparative studies - comparing related languages; arealogy - analysis of the interaction of neighboring 
languages; contrastive linguistics – comparison dissimilar languages. The results of these studies are used for 
compiling bilingual dictionaries, translation, teaching a foreign language. If you want to write a work on the history 
of the English language, then you will most likely have to work within the framework of comparative historical 
linguistics