Sınavlar Hakkında Genel Bilgi

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Dilbilgisi

Önce seçeneklere bakın ve eğer seçenekler kısa ise tümcede eksik olan bölümün ne olduğunu görün. Seçenekler uzun ise zaman kaybetmeyin. Soru tümcesini okuyun.
Soru tümcesini okurken, tümcenin temel unsurlarını (Ö+Y+N ve ana tümce ile yan tümce) belirlemeye çalışın. Bunlar dışında kalan ve tümcenin uzunluğuna katkı sağlamaktan başka bir işlevi olmayan unsurları ayıklayın.

1. Ö+Y+N yapılı tümcede eksik unsur.

¨ Basit tümcede:

Tümcenin Ö+Y+N yapısını kontrol edin. Basit tümce zannettiğiniz bir yapı bileşik tümce olabilir.

A. Eksik olan özne ise:

Yüklemin tekil ya da çoğul olmasından yola çıkarak tekil ya da çoğul özne arayın;

..... is an animal of great concern to scientists.

A) That the giraffe
B) The giraffe
C) These giraffes
D) Giraffes
E) Those giraffes

Nesnedeki it(s), his her, him, them.. sözcükleri yolu ile özneyi saptamaya çalışın;

..... will always be remembered for its sinking on her maiden voyage.

A) This ship
B) That the ship
C) These ships
D) Ships
E) Those ships

Tümcede, özneyi niteleyen unsurları göz önünde bulundurun:

Determiner: Article (a, an, the), demonstrative (this, that, these, those), possessive adjective (my, our, your, his, her, its, their)

Adjective: Common (old, yellow, ..), participal (interesting, bored, ..), nominal (plactic, glass, ..)

Quantifier: Cardinal number (one, two, ..), ordinal number (first, second, ..), indefinite quantifier (some, many, few, ..)

Adverb: Adverb of approximation (almost, about, nearly, ..), adverb of strength and intensity (completely, extremely, quite, rather, very, ..)

B. Eksik olan nesne ise:

Öznenin tekil ya da çoğul olmasına göre it(s), his,her, him, them, .. arayın;

Tüm tümce bağlamını inceleyin ve tamamen saçma gözüken seçenekleri eleyin;
Yukarıda değinilen (a) adı nitelendiren yapılara dikkat edin.

C. Eksik olan yüklem ise:

Öznenin tekil ya da çoğul olmasına göre yüklemi saptamaya çalışın;

Öznenin animate (canlı) ya da inanimate (cansız) olmasına göre yüklemin etken mi yoksa edilgen mi olması gerektiğini belirleyin;
Tümce içindeki zaman gösteren yapılar yardımı ile yüklemin hangi zamanda olması gerektiğini saptayın.

¨ Bileşik tümcede

Tümce Tamamlama ile ilgili bölüme bakın.

2. Tümcede clause marker eksik.

He was terribly disappointed with the decision of the committee, ..... he gave in his resignation.

A) since
B) however
C) yet
D) in case
E) so

Bileşik tümce yapıları çok iyi tanımanız gerekmekte.
Seçenekleri yok varsayarak tümcenin anlamını çıkarmaya çalışın. Tümcenin zaman, neden, sonuç, kıyas gibi bileşik tümce yapılardan hangisine ait olduğunu bulun.
Seçenekler içinde, saptadığınız bileşik tümce türüne ait yapıları arayın.
Seçenekler içinde uygun olan birden fazla yapı varsa (although ve despite gibi), yan tümceyi inceleyin. Seçeneklerden hangisinin yan tümceye uygun olduğunu belirleyin.

3. Tümcede phrase oluşturan yapı eksik

..... acute shortages of food in many countries, the delegates voted to increase programmes and services in weather reporting and research needed for greater production of foodstuffs.

A) By way of
B) Contrary to
C) According to
D) In view of
E) As far as

Ana tümce ile yan tümce arasında ne tür bir ilişki olduğunu belirleyin: karşıtlık, neden, sonuç, ..
Seçenekleri eleyin.
Birden fazla seçenek kalırsa, önce yapı, sonra da anlam açısından uygunluğunu denetleyin.

4. Paralel yapıda eksik unsur.

..... you can get the experiments completed ..... you can get the report written up.

A) As soon/as soon
B) The sooner/the sooner
C) The sooner/sooner
D) As soon/The sooner
E) Sooner/the soonest

Tümcenin bir bileşik tümce olduğundan emin olun. Bunun için de bileşik tümce yapıları çok iyi tanımanız gerekmekte.
Bu tür sorularda seçenekler her ne kadar birbirlerine çok benzer gibi görünse de, bazıları tümceye oturtulması dilbilgisi açısından hatalı olmaktadır. Bu şekilde seçenekleri eleyin.
Uygun seçeneği bulmakta zorlanırsanız, seçenekleri tümcenin genel anlamına uygunlukları, ana ve yan tümcelerin her birine uygunlukları açısından sınayın.

5. Tümcede tag question eksik

Prior to taking up this appointment, he used to work for the government, .....?

A) wasn't he
B) did he use
C) didn't he
D) did he
E) didn't he use

Tümcenin ana yükleminin hangi zaman yapısını ya da yardımcı yüklemi içerdiğini saptayın.
Tümcenin öznesinin tekil mi yoksa çoğul mu olduğunu saptayın.

Some of the articles in the Criminal Code will have to be amended, .....?

A) will they
B) won't they
C) haven't they
D) won't it
E) will it

Tümcenin, tag question açısından istisna oluşturacak yapıları içerip içermediğini inceleyin. Bu yapıları Dilbilgisi Açıklamaları içinde bulabilirsiniz.

6. Diğer yapılar

a. Zamanlar

At tomorrow's concert the orchestra ..... by Carl von Braun.

A) will have conducted
B) will conduct
C) has been conducted
D) will be conducted
E) is going to conduct

Zaman belirten yapılara dikkat edin (örnek soruda tomorrow sözcüğü).
Bileşik tümcede zaman uyumuna dikkat edin. Bu konu ile ilgili notlar Dilbilgisi Açıklamaları içinde.
Tümcenin etken/edilgen yapısını inceleyin (örnek soruda by sözcüğü edilgen olması gerektiğini göstermekte.)

b. Edilgen

You ..... pleased to learn that Mr Lawson ..... chairman.

A) have been/appointed
B) will be/has been appointed
C) are/is appointing
D) have been/was appointed
E) were/appointed

Yukarıda a. Zamanlar için verilen notları inceleyin.

c. Ettirgen

Do you think you will be able to ..... him to lend his car?

A) get
B) have
C) let
D) permit
E) allow

Dilbilgisi Açıklamaları içinde işlenen ettirgen yapıları iyi bilmeniz gerekmekte.
Bu tür sorularda ettirgen yapının geçmekte olduğunu hemen farketmek her zaman için kolay olmamakta. Tümcede esas yüklem dışındaki eylem yapıların (örnek tümcede lend) past participle (V3) ya da infinitive (to+V) şeklinde kullanılmaları söz konusu ise, dikkatli olun! Karşınızda bir ettirgen yapı bulunabilir.

DİLBİLGİSİ - ÖRNEK SORULAR

Aşağıda örnek olarak 32 dilbilgisi sorusu verildi.

Yanıtlar bütün sorulardan sonra gelmekte.

The very idea of establishing a literary "canon" has become ..... controversial that the people running the Library of America have wisely avoided using the term.
A) too
B) as
C) such
D) so
E) more
Had they apologized for deliberately overcharging me, I ..... a complaint with the Consumers' Rights Office.
A) will not have filed
B) may not have filed
C) would not have filed
D) was not filing
E) may not file
He is diplomatically qualified ..... to negotiate for a mutual reduction of the armed forces in the region.
A) enough
B) though
C) as well as
D) not only
E) also
As he was not satisfied with the contents of the document, he declined to sign it, and none of the members attempted to persuade him to, ..... .
A) also
B) too
C) as well
D) either
E) yet
They haven't met for twelve years or more, but I understand they still write to ..... at regular intervals.
A) the other
B) each other
C) themselves
D) the others
E) one other
Economic recession and rising unemployment, coupled ..... continued increases ..... retail food prices, have curtailed consumption.
A) with / in
B) through / through
C) by / for
D) at / about
E) within / over
In Ethiopia, primitive farming practices and uncontrolled clearing of natural vegetation have transformed much of the country's highlands ..... bare landscapes, all but destroyed ..... erosion.
A) above / of
B) for / with
C) into / by
D) in / under
E) to / at
When the relief workers reached the scene of the disaster, they immediately began to help ..... who could do nothing for ..... .
A) that / himself
B) them / their
C) those / themselves
D) these / themselves
E) us / yourself
Under these circumstances he should never have been allowed to take charge of the operation ..... he was the most senior of the officers available.
A) whyever
B) whether
C) even though
D) whenever
E) so that
Why can't you admit that, ..... hard he works, he will never manage to achieve what his elder brother has achieved?
A) unless
B) whatsoever
C) though
D) whenever
E) however
Clifford Goertz, probably ..... famous anthropologist in the world today, has revolutionized the way anthropology is taught on campuses.
A) more
B) most
C) the most
D) the more
E) a
Many more people would doubtless have attended the debate ..... they had known in advance who the principal speakers were.
A) if only
B) while
C) since
D) after
E) until
In recent decades the efficiency of the United Nations ..... by a growing number of countries.
A) will have been questioned
B) was questioned
C) had been questioned
D) would be questioned
E) has been questioned
It seems likely that by the end of the week, the costs involved in the construction of the bridge ..... by the Ministry.
A) would have been announced
B) would be announced
C) are being announced
D) will have been announced
E) have been announced
They set up a liaison office in East Africa for marketing their goods but now they wish they ..... so.
A) had not done
B) have not done
C) would not do
D) would not have done
E) never do
I was forced to admit that there was a drop in sales towards the end of the year ..... he had predicted.
A) such as
B) even so
C) in case
D) just as
E) so far as
We ..... no problems whatsoever with the dam since it ..... forty years ago.
A) had / has been constructed
B) have had / was constructed
C) had had / had been constructed
D) are having / is constructed
E) were having / was being constructed
It was foolish of me to turn down such an offer; in fact ..... I think about it ..... I regret it.
A) as much / so much more
B) the more / as much
C) much / as much
D) the most / so much
E) the more / the more
The scheme has been ..... consideration for a long time now, but I doubt whether it will ever be put ..... effect.
A) under / into
B) within / through
C) for / to
D) in / off
E) over / over
It was ..... his efforts that the two sides finally agreed to hold talks ..... the principle of economic cooperation.
A) by / through
B) over / for
C) through/ on
D) with / at
E) without / from
There ..... many efforts to eradicate racism, but very little success ..... .
A) were / had been achieved
B) had been / has been achieved
C) have been / has been achieved
D) are / was achieved
E) may be / will have been achieved
Evaporation ..... the process by which a solid or liquid ..... into vapour by heat.
A) had been / resolved
B) was / had resolved
C) has been / was resolved
D) may be / has resolved
E) is / is resolved
The Etruscans, who ..... a great part of Italy about 900 B.C., ..... from Asia Minor.
A) had colonized / originally came
B) colonized / had originally come
C) were colonized / have originally come
D) have colonized / originally come
E) were colonizing / might originally come
The orders were that we ..... the area within hours to prevent further loss of life.
A) had evacuated
B) have to evacuate
C) will have evacuated
D) had to evacuate
E) shall have to evacuate
He ..... his paper by saying that the entire history of the human race ..... by transfers of cultural and technological advance from one civilization to another.
A) concluded / had been marked
B) concludes / would have been marked
C) has concluded / was marked
D) had concluded / is marked
E) will conclude / was being marked
The advance in the steel industry has been marked ..... a progressive increase ..... size, complexity and capital outlay.
A) at / of
B) with / to
C) over / from
D) by / in
E) under / through
The answer to the question ..... great art can exist independently of religion will, ..... depends on society's moral and aesthetic values.
A) what / in the same way
B) even if / in due course
C) whether / to a large extent
D) so that / in short
E) since / now and again
Thailand has lost half of its forests ..... its population has ..... doubled in recent decades.
A) as / more than
B) just as / mostly
C) so as / soon
D) in case / quite
E) because of / much
Holding a yellow umbrella in his hand he said he didn't know ..... it was, and added that it was not ..... .
A) which / him
B) whose / his
C) who / her
D) whom / us
E) that / theirs
The Deputy Prime Minister announced today that it was ..... early to propose amendments in the legislation concerning industrial relations.
A) as well as
B) just so
C) just as
D) as soon as
E) as yet too
Activists are these in a political movement who insist on taking active steps towards their objectives, ..... merely putting forward an action programme.
A) in order to
B) rather than
C) as far as
D) in that
E) so long as
If our delegates hadn't shown themselves willing to come to terms, those from other countries ..... .
A) would be, too
B) wouldn't have, either
C) had not, either
D) have had, too
E) would have, too

YANITLAR

The very idea of establishing a literary "canon" has become so controversial that the people running the Library of America have wisely avoided using the term.
so + adjective + that. Yanıt D.
Had they apologized for deliberately overcharging me, I would not have filed a complaint with the Consumers' Rights Office.
Third condition, devrik yapı. Yanıt C.
He is diplomatically qualified enough to negotiate for a mutual reduction of the armed forces in the region.
adjective + enough to + V. Yanıt A.
As he was not satisfied with the contents of the document, he declined to sign it, and none of the members attempted to persuade him to, either.
Olumsuz özne (None of the members). Yanıt D.
They haven't met for twelve years or more, but I understand they still write to each other at regular intervals.
Tümcenin öznesi çoğul. A seçeneği tekile değiniyor; C seçeneği kendilerine, D seçeneği de başka kişilere yazdıklarını anlatıyor; E seçeneğinin one other + noun olması gerekir. Yanıt B.
Economic recession and rising unemployment, coupled with continued increases in retail food prices, have curtailed consumption.
couple + with; increase + in + nesne. Yanıt A. increase + in yapısı 26. soruda da geçmekte.
In Ethiopia, primitive farming practices and uncontrolled clearing of natural vegetation have transformed much of the country's highlands into bare landscapes, all but destroyed by erosion.
transform + into. Yanıt C.
When the relief workers reached the scene of the disaster, they immediately began to help those who could do nothing for themselves.
Boşluk sonrasındaki whosözcüğünden ötürü boşluğa insan(lar)a yönelik bir sözcük gelmeli. A seçeneğinde that + man/woman/.. olmalıydı; B seçeneğinde their yanlış çünkü iyelik taşıyor; D en yakın çeldirici, ancak these sözcüğü şu an yakınlarda olanları ("bunlar") gösterir, oysa olay çoktan bitmiş; E seçeneğinde us ve themself uyumsuz. Yanıt C
Under these circumstances he should never have been allowed to take charge of the operation even though he was the most senior of the officers available.
"He should never have been allowed ... he was the the most senior officer". Çelişkili durum anlatılmakta. Yanıt C.
Why can't you admit that, however hard he works, he will never manage to achieve what his elder brother has achieved?
however + adjective/adverb + tümce. Yanıt E.
Clifford Goertz, probably the most famous anthropologist in the world today, has revolutionized the way anthropology is taught on campuses.
Bir başka kişi ile kıyaslama yok. Yanıt C.
Many more people would doubtless have attended the debate if only they had known in advance who the principal speakers were.
Third condition. Yanıt A.
In recent decades the efficiency of the United Nations has been questioned by a growing number of countries.
Tümcedeki recent sözcüğünden ötürü present perfect. Yanıt E.
It seems likely that by the end of the week, the costs involved in the construction of the bridge will have been announced by the Ministry.
Tümcedeki by zaman gösteren sözcüğünden ötürü ana tümcede past perfect veya future perfect olmalı. Yanıt D.
They set up a liaison office in East Africa for marketing their goods but now they wish they had not done so.
Pişmanlık. Third condition gibi olmalı. Yanıt A.
I was forced to admit that there was a drop in sales towards the end of the year just as he had predicted.
En yakın çeldirici E. Yanıt D (Similarity Clause)
We have had no problems whatsoever with the dam since it was constructed forty years ago.
since + simple past; tümce present perfect. Yanıt B.
It was foolish of me to turn down such an offer; in fact the more I think about it the more I regret it.
Üzerinde düşünme arttıkça pişmanlık artmakta. Birbirine bağımlı kıyas. Yanıt E.
The scheme has been under consideration for a long time now, but I doubt whether it will ever be put into effect.
put + into + effect. Yanıt A.
It was through his efforts that the two sides finally agreed to hold talks on the principle of economic cooperation.
İlk boşluk açısından en yakın çeldirici A, yanıt ise C.
There has been many efforts to eradicate racism, but very little success has been achieved.
Tartışmalı bir soru. Zaman gösteren hiç bir yapı olmadığı için A seçeneğinin ve C seçeneğinin doğru olduklarını söyleyebilirsiniz. Dilbilgisel açıdan bu doğru olsa bile anlamsal olarak C doğru yanıt. A seçeneğinde ikinci bölümün past perfect olması hatalı. Burada was achieved gerekirdi, çünkü önce çaba sarfedildi, sonra başarısızlık geldi.
Evaporation is the process by which a solid or liquid is resolved into vapour by heat.
Herşeyden önce, by heat yapısından ötürü edilgen yapı gerekir. Seçenekler içinde bir tek C ve E seçeneklerinde edilgen var. Tümce doğal, her zaman gerçekleşebilecek bir durumu anlattığı için yanıt E.
The Etruscans, who colonized a great part of Italy about 900 B.C., had originally come from Asia Minor.
Etrüskler önce Asia Minor'dan (=Anadolu) geldiler, sonra Italya'nın büyük bir bölümünü kolonileştirdiler. Yanıt B.
The orders were that we had to evacuate the area within hours to prevent further loss of life.
Bir noun clause tümce. Ana yüklem simple past olduğu için boşluğa gelecek yüklemin de past olması gerekir. B, C ve E seçenekleri elenir. Tümcenin öznesi emir ve bir zorunluluk durumu da D seçeneğinde var.
He concluded his paper by saying that the entire history of the human race had been marked by transfers of cultural and technological advance from one civilization to another.
Tümce bir noun clause. İlk boşluğa past tense bir yüklem gelirse, ikinci boşluk da past olmalı. "Entire history of human race" henüz sona ermediğine göre, bu kişi şu an konuşuyor olsa "Entire history of human race has been marked by ..." derdi. A seçeneği, bu tümcenin aktarım (= reported) hali.
The advance in the steel industry has been marked by a progressive increase in size, complexity and capital outlay.
Tümcenin yüklemi edilgen. Bu durumda ilk aranacak sözcük by olmalı. Yanıt D. increase + in yapısı 6. soruda da geçmekte.
The answer to the question whether great art can exist independently of religion will, to a large extent depends on society's moral and aesthetic values.
Tümcenin ana yüklemi depends on. "The answer to the question" bölümünden sonra gelen bölümün, bu sorunun ne olduğunu açıklaması gerekir. Bu durumda da ilk boşluğa gelecek sözcük bir soru sözcüğü olmalı. Bir tek A (what) ve C (whether) soru sözcükleri taşımakta. Bunun ardından anlam açısından bir niceleme yapılması gerekir. Yanıt C.
Thailand has lost half of its forests as its population has more than doubled in recent decades.
İlk boşluktan sonra bir tümce gelmekte. Bu durumda C ve E elenir (so as + to, because of + noun/-ing). D seçeneği anlamsal olarak yanlış, bir koşul durumu yok. En yakın çeldirici olan B seçeneği tümceye yerleştirilirse ikinci boşluğa gelen mostly sözcüğü ile doubled sözcüğü uyuşmamakta, çünkü mostly = often. Yanıt A. (as = because / when)
Holding a yellow umbrella in his hand he said he didn't know whose it was, and added that it was not his .
Şemsiyenin sahibi soruşturuluyor. Yanıt B.
The Deputy Prime Minister announced today that it was as yet too early to propose amendments in the legislation concerning industrial relations.
too + adj./adv. + to + V. Yanıt E.
Activists are these in a political movement who insist on taking active steps towards their objectives, rather than merely putting forward an action programme.
Seçenekleri eleyerek gitmek en iyisi. Boşluktan sonra V_ing gelmekte; burada insist on taking .... (insist on) putting yapısı mevcut. A seçeneğinde to + V gerekir. C seçeneğinde as far as + tümce. D seçeneğinde in that + tümce. E seçeneğinde so long as + tümce. Yanıt B.
If our d

elegates hadn't shown themselves willing to come to terms, those from other countries wouldn't have, either.

Third condition. Yan tümcenin yüklemi olumsuz olduğu için en yakın çeldirici olan E seçeneğindeki too yanlış. Yanıt B.

ZAMAN KAVRAMI (=TENSE)

1. GİRİŞ

Zamanlar Present, Past, ve Future sırası ile ele alınmaktadır. Ele alınan tense başlıkları:

	PAST	PRESENT	FUTURE
SIMPLE	V₂	V	will / be going to + V
CONT.	was / were + V_ing	am / is / are + V_ing	will be + V_ing
PERFECT	had + V₃	have / has + V₃	will have + V₃
PER. CONT.	had been + V_ing	have / has been + V_ing	will have been + V_ing

2. PRESENT

2.1. Simple Present Tense

a) Her zaman olan / olabilecek olaylar için kullanılır.

The earth rotates around the sun.

Dünya Güneş'in çevresinde döner.

You should apologise when you ..... him.

A. saw
B. will see
C. see
D. had seen
E. were seeing

b) Bir olayı naklederken, özellikle hikaye dilinde kullanılır.

Rosencrantz flips a coin. (Bir tiyatro oyunundan)

c) Her zaman olan, olabilecek ve bir sıklığa sahip olayların anlatımında kullanılır.

I always / sometimes / rarely brush my teeth.

Because the office is too busy these days, I ..... find time for lunch.

A. hardly

B. always
C. often
D. usually
E. almost always

Simple Present'ın bu kullanımları (A-C) Türkçe'ye aktarılırken "yüklem + -Er/-Ir" yapısı kullanılır.

d) Geleceğe ait kesin bir olaydan söz ederken kullanılır.

We set off after lunch.

e) Normalde VERB konumunda V_ing yapısı ile kullanılmayan bazı yüklemlerle birlikte kullanılır:

astonish, belong to, believe, concern, consist of, contain, depend on, deserve, detest, dislike, doubt, feel, fit, forget, guess, have, hear, hate, imagine, include, impress, know, like, love, need, owe, realize, recognize, regret, resemble, remember, satisfy, see, seem, smell, sound, suppose, taste, think, understand, want, wish

feel yüklemi "fikir sahibi olmak" (- I feel he is right) anlamında "-ing" almaz; "hissetmek" anlamı (- How are you feeling today?) taşıdığında "-ing" alabilir.
have yüklemi "sahip olmak" (- She has three children.) anlamında "-ing" almaz"; "..almak / yemek" anlamı (- They are having lunch.) taşıdığında "-ing" alabilir.
hear yüklemi alışılmadık durum belirttiğinde (- I'm hearing things. / Gaipten sesler duyuyorum.) "-ing" ile kullanılabilir.
see yüklemi alışılmadık durum belirttiğinde (- I'm seeing double) "-ing" ile kullanılabilir.
smell yüklemi "koku salmak" (- It smells nice.) anlamında "-ing" almaz; "koklamak" anlamı (-She is smelling the flowers.) taşıdığında "-ing" alabilir.
taste yüklemi "tadı olmak" (- It tastes nice.) anlamında "-ing" almaz; "tatmak" anlamı (- Why are you tasting the soup?) taşıdığında "-ing" alabilir.
think yüklemi "fikir sahibi olmak" (- I think he is right.) anlamında "-ing" almaz; "düşünmek" anlamı (- What are you thinking ?) taşıdığında "-ing" alabilir.

Simple Present'ın bu kullanımları (D-E) Türkçe'ye aktarılırken "yüklem + - Er/-Ir" ya da çoğu kez "yüklem + - Iyor" yapısı kullanılır.

f) Emir vermek için kullanılır.

Stop !

Please ..... smoke before you see the red light off.

A. not to
B. no
C. do not
D. to
E. not

2.2. Present Continuous Tense

a) Şu anda gerçekleşmekte olan olaylar için kullanılır.

You are reading a sentence.

I'm afraid you can't speak to Tom now because he ..... a shower.

A. has
B. had
C. is having
D. was having
E. would have

b) Şu aralar olmakta olan olaylar için kullanılır.

I am reading a wonderful novel.

c) Geleceğe yönelik kesin planlarda kullanılır.

What are you doing tomorrow ?

d) Konuşmacıyı tedirgin eden ve sık tekrarlanan bir olay için always ile birlikte kullanılır.

She is always complaining about my dog.

Present Continuous'un bu kullanımları (A-D) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + -Iyor/-mEktE" kullanılarak aktarılır.

Genelde şu zaman sözcükleri ile kullanılır:

now, at present, at the moment

2.3. Present Perfect Tense

a) Az önce tamamlanan bir olay için, genelde just ile kullanılır.

I have just drunk a cup of tea.

He ..... only just ....., so he should be tired.

A. did / come

B. was / coming
C. will / come
D. had / come
E. has / come

b) Zamanın belli olmadığı ya da önemli olmadığı durumlarda kullanılır.

Peter has been to the States twice.

c) Geçmişte yapılmış, şu anda ya da gelecekte yapılabilme olasılığı var olan olaylar için kullanılır.

He has won 3 Oscars.

d) Sınırları kesin olmayan bir zamanla [1], ya da, zaman diliminin sona ermediğinde [2] kullanılır.

The population has risen dramatically lately. [1]

They haven't had a holiday this year. [2]

This is the largest car that I ..... whole my life.

A. have seen
B. saw
C. will see
D. had seen
E. am seeing

So far, we ..... only a part of the project.

A. will complete
B. completed
C. complete
D. have completed
E. were completing

We ..... an enormous number of tourists this summer.

A. had
B. have had
C. had had
D. would have
E. were having

Apparently, she ..... her homework yet.

A. didn't do
B. won't do
C. doesn't do
D. isn't doing
E. hasn't done

Yet sözcüğünün farklı kullanım ve anlamları:

be + yet  daha, bir de, üstüne üstlük.
olumlu eylem + yet ever.
Tümce başında yet, fakat anlamındadır.

I ..... here since 1983.

A. have lived

B. am living
C. lived
D. live
E. will live

Since ve for sözcüklerinin kullanımı:

Since + eylemin başlama zamanı.

For + dönem.

Since + simple past.

Since the day he ..... ill, he ..... a lot of reading.

A. is/did

B. was/does
C. was/did
D. is/has done
E. was/has done

Present Perfect'in bu kullanımları (A-D) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + -DI", çeviri metni resmi bir dil taşıdığında da "yüklem + - mIştIr" yapısı ile aktarılır.

e) be yüklemi ile birlikte, nitelik, yer, vs. belirten yapıların oluşturulmasında kullanılır.

I have been a teacher for 7 years.

Bu kullanım (E) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + -DIr" yapısı ile aktarılırsa da -DIr takısı genelde düşer.

2.4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

a) Present Perfect'ten farklı olarak, daha süreli bir eylemi kapsar.

I have been writing since ten this morning.

He ..... very hard every day for the last week.

A. studies
B. will study
C. is studying
D. studied
E. has been studying

b) Kimi zaman, olayın kendisi bitmiş olsa bile etkisi sürmektedir.

You look terrible. Have you been fighting ?

Judging from the wet streets, I can say that it ..... very heavily.

A. is raining
B. rains
C. will rain
D. was raining
E. has been raining

Present Perfect (Continuous) genelde şu zaman sözcükleri ile kullanılır:

recently, lately, so far, by far, since, for, yet, already

Present Perfect Continuous Türkçe'ye, eylem sonuçlanmamış ise (A) "yüklem + -Iyor/-mEktE", eylem sonuçlanmış ise (B) "yüklem + -DI" ile aktarılır.

3. PAST

3.1. Simple Past Tense

a) Geçmişte belirli bir zamanda bitmiş bir olay için kullanılır.

He left a minute ago.

Where did the accident happen ?

Simple Past'ın bu kullanımı (A) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + -DI", daha resmi yapılarda ise "yüklem + mIştIr" kullanılarak aktarılır.

He ..... about to resign when they offered him a better position in the firm.

A. was
B. is
C. will be
D. would be
E. had been

b) Geçmişe ait bir alışkanlık için always, never, vs. ile kullanılır.

He always wore a hat.

Simple Past'ın bu kullanımı (B) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + -I/ErdI" kullanılarak aktarılır.

3.2. Past Perfect Tense

a) Geçmişte önce olan olay için Past Perfect, sonra olan olay için de Simple Past kullanılır.

When the police arrived, the burglad had escaped.

b) Past Perfect temelde Present Perfect'in past halidir.

He had won 3 Oscars.

We met at a party yesterday, but we ..... each other by sight for years.

A. had known
B. know
C. knew
D. have known
E. will know

Past Perfect Türkçe'ye "yüklem + -mIştI" ile, ya da, pek sık olmasa da, ""yüklem + - DIydI" ile aktarılır.

3.3. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Continuous yapının past halidir.

I had been writing since 10 this morning.

You looked terrible. Had you been fighting ?

He ..... carefully when he had the accident.

A. didn't drive

B. doesn't drive
C. wouldn't drive
D. hadn't driven
E. hadn't been driving

Past Perfect Continuous Türkçe'ye " yüklem + -Iyordu / -mEktEydI / -mIştI" kullanılarak aktarılabilir.

3.4. Past Continuous Tense

a) Geçmişte bir süre devam etmiş olan olayların aktarımında kullanılır.

She was earning quite a lot of money.

b) Ani ve daha kısa bir eylemle karşılaşan/o eylem tarafından kesilen bir eylem için kullanılır.

When she heard the explosion she was having bath.

When I last saw him, he ..... English.

A. studied

B. studies
C. will study
D. is studying
E. was studying

While I ..... my bike, Tom arrived.

A. mended
B. mend
C. am mending
D. have mended
E. was mending

He gave the promise that he ..... the city in a day.

A. has left
B. leaves
C. is leaving
D. would be left
E. was leaving

Past Continuous Türkçe'ye "yüklem + -Iyordu / -mEktEydI" ile aktarılır.

3.5. Infinitive yapılarda past

Oluşum:

	 I know that ...	 It is known that ...	
He's Scottish. They're working. She died here.	... he's Scottish. ... they're working. ... she died here.	... he's Scottish. ... they're working. ... she died here.	He's known to be Scottish. They're known to be working. She's known to have died here.

Infinitive (to + yüklem) İngilizce'de to have + V₃ ile past hali alır.

He is believed to have a big fortune. PRESENT

He is believed to have lived in misery. PAST

Ancient Egyptians are known ..... unbelievably complex buildings.

A. to build
B. building
C. build
D. to building
E. to have built

3.6. Gerund yapılarda past

Gerund (V_ing) yapısı V_ing ya da having + V₃ kullanılarak past yapılabilir.

Having completed/Completing the task, the students had a break.(= After they had completed ... )

Bu yapı present nitelik de taşıyabilir.

Having completed the task, the students will have a break. (= After they have completed .... )

..... some money, he didn't need to work any more.

A. Having made

B. To make
C. Make
D. Having to make
E. To have made

4. FUTURE

4.1. will

a) Bir plan ya da kesinleşmiş amaç olmadığı durumlarda kullanılır.

Don't worry. You'll succeed.

I hope I ..... it.

A. found
B. will find
C. am finding
D. was finding
E. will be finding

Bu kullanım (A) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + - EcEk" ile aktarılır.

b) Sonuç kesin / doğal olduğunda, kimi zaman da bir inatlaşma söz konusu ise kullanılır.

When it is wet, this paint will give a terrible smell.

Don't insist. She will say no.

Bu kullanım (B) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + - I/Er" ya da "yüklem + - EcEkDIr" ile aktarılır.

4.2. be going to

a) Bir plan ya da kesinleşmiş amaç olduğu zaman kullanılır.

Don't worry. I'll help you.

b) Bir eylemin gerçekleşeceğine ait kesin iz, belirti varsa kullanılır.

She looks very pale. I think she's going to faint.

According to my schedule, I ..... my dentist tomorrow.

A. see
B. will see
C. would see
D. saw
E. am going to see

Bu kullanımlar (A-B) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + - EcEk" ile aktarılır.

c) was / were going to yapısı yapılması amaçlanan ama gerçekleşmesine olanak ya da gerek kalmayan eylemler için [1] - ya da bunun tam tersi olarak gerçekleşmesine gerek yokken gerçekleşen [2] - olaylar için kullanılır. Dilbilgisi kitaplarında Future in the Past olarak da ele alınmaktadır.

I was going to call him. He called me. [1]

They weren't going to visit the ancient church but they did so while they took shelter there during the rain. [2]

I ..... you the other day, but I had visitors.

A. will visit

B. visited
C. have visited
D. had visited
E. was going to visit

Bu kullanım (C) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + - EcEktI" ile aktarılır.

4.3. be to

a) will (definitely) anlamında kullanılır.

The Queen is to visit New Zealand.

Bu kullanım (a) Türkçe'ye "yüklem + - EcEk" ile aktarılır.

b) should anlamında kullanılır.

You are to do your homework.

All of us ..... the meeting if we want it to be influential.

A. attended
B. are attending
C. were attending
D. are to attend
E. will have attended

Bu kullanım (b) Türkçe'ye should gibi aktarılır.

4.4. Future Continuous Tense

Gelecekte sürüyor olacak eylem için kullanılır.

This time tomorrow, I'll be sleeping.

Most probably, people ..... for water by the year 2050.

A. will fight
B. fight
C. have fought
D. had fought
E. will be fighting

Future Continuous Türkçe'ye "yüklem + - Iyor / - mEktE olacak" ile aktarılır.

4.5. Future Perfect Tense

Gelecekte bir zamanda tamamlanmış olacak eylem için - genelde zaman belirten by sözcüğü ile birlikte - kullanılır.

This time tomorrow, I'll have gone to bed.

Hemen her zaman by ya da by the time ile kullanılır:

By the time + present tense, future perfect (continuous)
By + zaman gösteren ad, future perfect (continuous)

In a fortnight's time from now, they ..... their exam.

A. have taken

B. are taking
C. had taken
D. took
E. will have taken

Future Perfect Türkçe'ye "yüklem + - mIş olacak" ile aktarılır.

Future Perfect Continuous yapı fazla kullanılmaz.

By the time he finishes his assignment, he will have been working on it for twelve hours.

MODAL VERB

1. TANIM

Kimi modal verb yapılar ad ya da yüklem olarak taşıdıkları anlama (can (n) = teneke kutu, have (v) = sahip olmak, May (n) = Mayıs, must (n) = gereklilik, will (n) = irade; vasiyetname) dikkat etmek gerekebilir.

2. KULLANIM VE ÇEVİRİ

Modal verb yapılar abece sırasına göre ele alınmıştır.

2.1. be (= am / is / are) able to

"Bir şeyi yapabilmek" anlamını taşır.

I am able to run a mile.

Ben bir mil koşabilirim.

They will be able to complete the project on time

She was able to say a few words.

We haven't been able to understand it.

Bu yapı Türkçeye "yüklem + - EbIl- " ile aktarılır.

2.2 can

a) bir şeyi yapabilmek

Can you speak German ?

b) olasılık

He can be here any moment.

c) izin, rica

Can I leave early ?

Can you turn the volume down ?

Bu kullanımlar (a-c) Türkçeye "yüklem + - EbIl-" ile aktarılır.

Can sözcüğünün farklı kullanım ve anlamları bulunmakta:

can't stand = katlanamamak, hoşlanmamak
can't help = kendini tutamamak
can't stand / can't help + Ving

d) Olumsuz sonuç çıkarma

It can't be her. She is much taller.

e) Geçmişe ait olumsuz sonuç çıkarma.

She can't have left earlier.

2.3. could

a) Geçmişte bir şeyi yapabilmek.

I could swim across the lake then.

Tom ..... read and write when he was only 4 years old.

A. can
B. must
C. have to
D. could
E. should

b) olasılık

Perhaps she could answer all the questions.

c) izin, rica

Could you do me a favour ?

d) teklif

Could we meet at around 12 tomorrow ?

e) Sonuç çıkarma

He could be at home. He could be sleeping.

f) Gerçekleşmemiş, geçmişe ait olasılık

I could have passed the test.

2.4. dare

a) Cesaret etmek

She daren't do it.

b) Sadece I daresay yapısı ile, olasılık

I daresay you are tired.

2.5. had better

Tercih, "olsa iyi olur"

Hadn't we better start rightaway ?

I'd better keep it in a box.

You ..... better see a doctor; you look awful.

A. may
B. would
C. had
D. must
E. should

2.6. have (got) to

a) Konuşmacının gerçeklere dayanarak ilettiği zorunluluk.

She has to leave immediately. There is a phone call.

b) Gerekmezlik (= needn't )

You don't have to study at all.

She won't have to go.

We didn't have to buy anything.

Kimi zaman have = sahip olmak yüklemi, have to ile benzer bir şekilde kullanılıyor olabilir. Tümcenin anlamını yanlış anlamamak için dikkat etmek gerekir.

This book has a lot to say. (= This book has a lot of things to say.)

Have to ile sık karıştırılan bir yapı:

have to do with = have connection with

The wound has healed now; you ..... wear that bandage any longer.

A. ought to

B. will need to
C. don't have to
D. could
E. should

Because of a diversion on the road, they ..... another road while they left the town.

A. had to take
B. have to take
C. must have taken
D. need to take
E. should have taken

2.7. may

a) Olasılık

We may never see that comet again.

b) İzin, rica

You may go.

c) Gelecekte tamamlanması olası eylem.

Many species may have died out by then.

d) Geçmişe ait olası eylem

He may have missed the bus.

e) Geçmişte gerçekleşmemiş olasılık

They may have won the match. They played terribly.

f) may as well = had better

Ayrıca may well kullanımına dikkat! Bu yapıda well sözcüğü pekala, neden olmasın anlamını taşır.

g) Dualar may ile olur. May özneden önce gelir.

May God be with you.

h) Rağmen anlamı veren tümcelerde (=Concession Clause), devrik yapıda may kullanılabilir.

2.8. might

a) zayıf olasılık

This medicine might have some side effects

b) izin isteme

Might we suggest something ?

c) gelecekte tamamlanması olası eylem

By the year 2.000, you might have died.

Olasılık söz konusu olduğunda dikkat edilmesi gereken bir özellik:

can/may/might + have + V3 bağlama göre past ya da future olabilir.

d) geçmişe ait olası eylem

He might have tried to contact you.

e) geçmişte gerçekleşmemiş olasılık

They might at least have apologized.

f) might as well = had better

Buy a ticket; you ..... the grand prize.

A. might even win
B. could even have won
C. even won
D. need even have won
E. must even win

Farklı anlam ve kullanımlar:

might as well = had better

may / can / could / might well  pekalâ, neden olmasın

2.9. must

a) konuşmacının zorunlu gördüğü, kendi fikrine dayalı zorunluluk

I don't want her here. She must go. / Onu burada istemiyorum. Gitmeli./Gitmesi şart.

We ..... hurry, or we will be late!

A. must
B. had to
C. should
D. ought to
E. can

b) çok kuvvetli olasılık

There must be a mistake. Check it again.

He must be sleeping. I can hear his snore.

Olasılık söz konusu olduğunda, must sözcüğü açısından bir özellik:

~~mustn't yerine can't~~

~~mustn't be + V~~^ing yerine can't be + V_ing

~~mustn't have + V~~₃ yerine can't have + V₃

Your umbrella is wet; it ..... raining outside.

A. must be

B. was
C. can't be
D. might be
E. should be

The lights have gone; a fuse ......

A. will have blown
B. can blow
C. must have blown
D. might blow
E. should blow

c) Yasaklama

You must not take any pictures here.

d) Geçmişte gerçekleşmiş olması olası eylem

He must have missed the bus.

2.10. need(n't)

a) Gerekmezlik (= don't/doesn't have to)

You needn't worry.

He ..... come with us if he doesn't want to.

A. needs to

B. needn't have
C. didn't need to
D. needn't
E. needs to

b) Gereklilik

Need I sign it ?

c) Geçmişte gerek olmadığı halde yapılmış eylem.

We needn't have brought our tent; his tent is large enough.

2.11. ought to

a) Öğüt, tavsiye

It ought to be cleaned every two months.

b) Geçmişte gerçekleş(me)miş olasılık.

She ought to have been more careful.

2.12. shall

a) Gelecek. Resmi kullanım.

When shall we announce the results ?

b) Sadece Shall I ve Shall we ile, öneri.

Shall we go out ?

Soru formunda shall yalnızca iki şekilde kullanılmakta:

Shall I ......?

Shall we ..... ?

2.13. should

a) Yükümlülük

He should work harder.

b) Şu anda gerçekleşmesi gerekirken gerçekleşmeyen - ya da bunun tam tersi - eylem.

You should be at home now. You should be studying.

c) Why veya How ile, tedirginlik ve öfke ifadesinde.

How should I know it ?

d) Olasılık

He worked hard. So, he should succeed.

e) Geçmişte gerçekleşmemiş gereklilik

She should have seen her mistake.

The flower is dead; I ..... it twice a week, but I forgot.

A. ought to water
B. ought to have watered
C. should water
D. must water
E. ought to be watered

f) Bazı yüklem ve sıfatlarla

I advise that she should resign.

g) Second conditional yapıda, devrik tümce oluşturmak için.

Should he come, give him my message.

2.14. used to

a) Geçmişte olan ve artık devam etmeyen durum / alışkanlık.

I used to exercise regularly.

When I was a child, I ..... a torch with me to bed so that I could read when everybody at home was sleeping.

A. was taken

B. was taking
C. used to take
D. must take
E. must have taken

b) Olumsuz yapıda, geçmişte olmayıp sonradan oluşan durum / alışkanlık.

She didn't use to smoke.

He never used to leave the office early.

Her ne kadar used to ile doğrudan bir ilgisi olmasa da, karışıklığa neden olabildiği için be used to ve get used to yapılarına da değinmek yerinde olacaktır. Be used to "alışkın olmak", get used to ise "alışkanlığı kazanmak" anlamlarını taşırlar ve modal verb özellikleri yoktur.

"Your neighbours upstairs are making a lot of noise." "I'm used to it."

When I first moved to Ankara, life was difficult. Then I got used to living here.

Used to ile sık karıştırılan yapılar:

be used to = alışkın olmak
get used to = alışkanlığı kazanmak
be/get used to + Ving
be/get used to = be/get accustomed to
get used to = become used to

Are you used ..... late?

A. having slept

B. sleeping
C. to have slept
D. to sleep
E. to sleeping

Bazen, use eyleminin edilgen yapıda kullanımı (This is a tool [which is] used to cut glass) used to olarak algılanmakta ve hata yapılmakta:

(be) used (in order) to

Used to ve would farkı:

Used to  eylem uzunca bir süre tekrarlandı / sürdü, artık sürmüyor.

Would  bilerek ya da amaçlı eylem; eylemin gerçekleştiği zaman genelde belirtilir / ima edilir.

Would sözcüğünden sonra bir durum anlatan live, work gibi eylemler kullanılmaz.

2.15. will

a) Geleceğe yönelik durum, eylem

I will come with you.

Next month, we'll be opening a new branch.

Next month, we'll have opened a new branch.

b) Rica, istek

Will you please leave the door open ?

c) Geleceğe yönelik kesin ve doğal sonuç

She is so stubborn. She'll refuse it.

2.16. would

a) Geçmişte alışkanlık. Used to yapısından farkı, bu alışkanlığın bitmiş olmasının gerekmemesidir.

He would drink a glass of wine after dinner. / Akşam yemeğinden sonra bir bardak şarap içerdi.

b) Rica, istek

Would you send the brochures as soon as possible ?

c) Geçmişte zorunluluk, kimi zaman inatlaşma taşıyan eylem.

I begged him to help me, but he wouldn't.

d) Geçmişte gerçekleşmemiş eylem.

We would have stayed longer but the weather changed.

e) Second condition türü kullanımda

If you had not been so lazy you would be studying at university now.

2.17. would rather

"Tercih etmek, yeğlemek" anlamını taşır.

I'd rather keep silent.

Tercih söz konusu olduğunda than kullanılır.

We'd rather starve to death than eat it.

would rather + tümce durumunda tümcenin yüklemi Simple Past Tense ile oluşturulur, ama anlam past değildir.

I'd rather you

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