ETTİRGEN
I've got someone to have the car cleaned.
Will you please get the vacuum cleaner ..... while I'm away?
A. repair
B. to repair
C. to be repairing
D. repaired
E. to have repaired
d) let + nesne + V = izin vermek
Will you let me ask a question!
As a teacher, I never let my students ..... mother tongue in the classroom.
A. having used
B. to have used
C. to use
D. use
E. using
Let sözcüğünün bir diğer anlamı:
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let alone = ... bir yana
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8.2. but / except
İstisna belirten durumlarda but ve except sözcüklerinden sonra gelen yüklem to almadan kullanılır.
She did everything but come to the point.
COMPARISON CLAUSE
1. EŞİTSİZLİK
1.1. ... than yapıları ( = Comparative)
Sıfata "daha" niteliği kazandıran -er ve more eklenmesi ile oluşan yapılardır.
sıfat + -er / more + sıfat + than
She is more intelligent than she looks.
This year the political situation is ..... complicated than it used to be.
A. more
B. most
C. the most
D. so
E. as
Bu yapı Türkçeye "... -dEn daha + sıfat / belirteç" şeklinde aktarılır.
Dikkat:
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Comparative yapı the ile ve than sözcüğüne gerek olmadan da kullanılabilir.
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Actually, both these cars are wonderful, but I can't decide which one is ..... of them.
A. as beautiful
B. beautiful enough
C. so beautiful
D. the more beautiful
E. the most beautiful
1.2. rather than + sıfat / ad
Bir kıyaslama tümcesi olmamasına karşın bu kullanım sık sık karıştırılmasından ötürü bu bölümde ele alınmaktadır.
I'd call her hair chestnut rather than brown.
Bu yapı Türkçeye "-dEn çok/ziyade" yapısı ile aktarılır.
1.3. more and more / -er ... -er
"Gitgide", "daha da" anlamını katmak amacı ile kıyaslama yapısının tekrarlanması gerekmektedir.
It is getting colder and colder.
She is becoming more and more aggressive.
1.4. more + ad
More sözcüğü her zaman bir sıfatı nitelemez. Bazen bir adın niceliğinin belirtilmesinde de kullanılabilir.
More people than ever leave their villages for a major city.
In general, I have _____energy in the evening ..... in the morning.
A. as / as
B. enough / than
C. more / than
D. so much / that
E. the most / as
1.5. most ve -est yapıları ( = Superlative )
Sıfata "en" niteliği kazandıran most ya da -est yapılarının eklenmesi ile oluşturulur.
the/my/.. + ad + sıfat + -est / most + sıfat
My biggest contribution is this monument.
As far as I am concerned, he must be just about ..... notorious lawyer we've ever had to deal with.
A. so
B. more
C. most
D. such
E. the most
Bu yapı Türkçeye "en + sıfat + ad" şeklinde aktarılır.
1.6. most + ad
Ad ile kullanıldığı zaman most sözcüğü bir kıyaslama niteliği getirmemektedir.
Most people do not care about the dangers of pollution.
Bu yapı Türkçeye "çoğu + ad" şeklinde aktarılır.
1.7. The + comparative, the + comparative
The sooner you come the better (it is).
....., the more you realize how complicated it is.
A. The more you think about the problem
B. The less importance you give to your health
C. The more remarkable his achievement was
D. The longer it has taken them to complete the dam
E. The fewer the people who are involved
Bu yapı Türkçeye "ne kadar ... o kadar" ile aktarılır.
2. EŞİTLİK
2.1. as + sıfat / belirteç + as
He is as tall as I am / me.
The new accountant we have recruited is not ..... efficient ..... the previous one.
A. such/as
B. so/that
C. as/as
D. either/or
E. both/and
Bu yapı Türkçeye "kadar" kullanılarak aktarılabilir.
As yapısı birden fazla anlam için kullanılabilir. Ayrıntılı bilgi için parantez içinde verilen bölüme bakılması gerekmektedir.
as well as
He can't dance as well as me. (Comparison)
She is clever as well as (being) beautiful. [=yanısıra]
as long as
My hair is as long as his. (Comparison)
I'll work as long as I live. (Time)
He can come as long as he is sober. (Condition)
as soon as
I'll come in as soon as five minutes. (Comparison)
As soon as she saw him, she fainted. (Time)
as far as
I went as far as Istanbul. (Comparison)
As far as I know, she is a vet. (Comment)
İlginç bir kullanım:
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so/as ... as yerine that + sıfat/belirteç
(He is not so intelligent as he seems He is not that intelligent.)
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2.2. the same + ad + as
He earns the same (money) as me / I do.
Özellik:
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Bu yapıda mutlaka the kullanılmalıdır.
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When I joined the cocktail party, to my surprise, there were three other ladies wearing dresses with ..... colour ..... mine!
A. as / as
B. more / than
C. so / as
D. such / as
E. the same / as
3. YETERLİLİK VE FAZLALIK
3.1. Sıfat / belirteç + enough (for so.) to + yüklem
The water is acidic enough to scare people.
The new staff we have recruited are, as far as I am concerned, qualified ..... to tackle this sort of crisis.
A. enough
B. fairly
C. so
D. so much
E. such
Bu yapı Türkçeye "- EcEk / - EbIlEcEk" ile aktarılır.
3.2. too + sıfat / belirteç (for so.) to + yüklem
It is too heavy for me to lift.
I am ..... to do anything.
A. as tired
B. much tired
C. the most tired
D. tired enough
E. too tired
Bu yapı Türkçeye "yüklem + - EmEyEcEk kadar" ya da "yüklem + - EbIlEcEğIndEn çok / fazla" yapıları ile aktarılabilir.
4. MUCH / EVEN / FAR / A LOT / A LITTLE / A BIT / ALL THE + COMPARATIVE
İngilizcede kıyaslamayı güçlendirmek amacı ile comparative yapının önüne çok ya da biraz anlamı taşıyan sözcükler yerleştirilebilir.
Bu yapılar kendi başlarına kıyas oluşturamazlar. Yani,
* He is much experienced than the rest of the applicants
tümcesi hatalıdır. Doğru tümcenin
He is much more experienced than the rest of the applicants
şeklinde olması gerekir.
Bu yapılardan much, far, a lot, even, all the Türkçeye çok ile, a little ve a bit ise biraz/ bir parça ile aktarılabilir.
5. SO ... THAT / SUCH ... THAT
So ... that İngilizcede
so + sıfat + (that) [1]
so + belirteç + (that) [2]
so + sıfat + a(n) + ad + (that) [3]
so + many/much/few/little + ad + (that) [4]
such ... that ise
such + sıfat + ad + (that) [5]
şeklinde oluşturulur.
The problem was so difficult that we couldn't solve it. [1]
He spoke so eloquently that everybody congragulated him. [2]
It was so difficult a problem that we couldn't solve it. [3]
He has so many books that he can't remember how many. [4]
He gave such a wonderful speech that we were astounded. [5]
The storm broke out with ..... strength ..... it caused great damage within a few hours.
A. the same/as
B. as/as
C. more/than
D. such/that
E. so/that
The plan he proposed at the annual meeting was ..... humiliating ..... I couldn't help protesting.
A. as / as
B. so / that
C. such / as
D. such / that
E. too / to
Bu yapılar Türkçeye "o ... kadar ki" şeklinde aktarılır.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
TIME CLAUSE
1. TANIM
Time Clause yapılarda zaman uyumu kuralına dikkat etmek gerekir. Bu tümcelerde, ana tümce ile yan tümcede kullanılan tense uyumlu olmalıdır. Yani,
PRESENT PRESENT
I never forget to pray before I go to bed.
PRESENTFUTURE
She will be there when I arrive at the airport.
PASTPAST
When we got there, the film was over.
Time Clause yapılarda zaman uyumu kuralına bir tek since uymamaktadır.
PRESENT PAST
I have known him since I left school.
2. TIME BEFORE
2.1. Until/Till
KULLANIMI
until/till + ad / tümce / Ving
ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -EnE / -IncEyE kadar [1]
ad + -E kadar [2]
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He worked patiently until he completed polishing. [1]
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Cilalamayı tamamlayana kadar sabırla çalıştı.
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Until the war, they didn't know any poverty. [2]
Until ve by sözcüklerinden hangisinin kullanılacağı konusu çeviri ya da İngilizce yazma/konuşma esnasında bir tereddüt konusu olabilmektedir.
Until belirli bir zamana kadar süren bir olay ya da durum için kullanılır.
I have to keep writing until the end of next year.
By belirli bir zamanda ya da o zamandan önce oluşan bir olay için kullanılır.
My book will be finished by the end of next year.
Burada belirtilmesi gereken önemli bir nokta da, by sözcüğünün zaman yapılarında bu tür kullanımında hiçbir zaman bir conjunction olarak kullanılamaması, yani, ardından bir S+V+(O) yapısının gelememesidir.
I hadn't liked Spielberg's films ..... I watched his masterpiece "ET".
A. after
B. by the time
C. in case
D. until
E. while
The sailors decided that it was better to wait ..... .
A. as they have heard the weather forecast.
B. by the time the mist settles
C. since the time the weather conditions changed
D. until the sea was calmer
E. whether their boat is thoroughly ready for sail
2.2. Before
KULLANIMI
before + ad / tümce / Ving
ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -mEdEn önce
yüklem + -DEn önce
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They left before the door was opened.
Before the geological age of a fossil can be established, ......
A. theory of evolution was not fully understood
B. movements within the earth's crust have been measured
C. the necessary equipment has been provided
D. the measurements were not sufficiently accurate
E. the evolutionary significance of the remains must be fully understood
2.3. By the time
KULLANIMI
by the time + tümce
ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -EnE kadar
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They will have gone by the time we arrive.
Kullanım özelliği:
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by the time + present tense, future perfect (continuous)
by the time + simple past, past perfect (continuous)
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By the time something ..... to save them, whales ..... extinct before it is too late.
A. had done/would have gone
B. has been done/will go
C. is done/will have gone
D. was done/had gone
E. will be done/have gone
By ile by the time farkı:
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by + tümce
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3. SAME TIME
3.1. As
KULLANIMI
(just) as + tümce
ÇEVİRİSİ
(tam) ... -(i)ken
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As she was walking down the road, she was hit by a lorry.
3.2. As long as / So long as
KULLANIMI
as long as/so long as + tümce
ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -DIğI sürece/müddetçe
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I'll love you as long as I live.
3.3. While/(Whilst)
Bu sözcüklerden whilst çok resmi yapılarda kullanılabilir.
KULLANIMI
while / whilst + tümce [1] / Ving [2]
ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -(i)ken
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They came while I was sunbathing. [1]
While walking, he stumbled and fell. [2]
The secretary took notes ..... I explained her how to use the new software.
A. before
B. by the time
C. in case
D. though
E. while
3.4. When / Whenever
KULLANIMI
when + tümce [1] / sıfat [2] / Ving [3]; whenever + tümce [4] / sıfat [5]
ÇEVİRİSİ
(her ne) zaman ... -sE
yüklem + - DIğI zaman/-E/Ir(i)ken/-DIğI(n)dE/-IncE/ -DIkçE
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When I sleep I always snore. [1]
Please do your exercise when(ever) possible. [2]
Be careful when lifting this bag. [3]
She visits her parents whenever she finds time. [4]
When I last ..... Peter he ..... to be transfered to the firm's new factory.
A. was seeing/had hoped
B. have seen/hoped
C. saw/would hope
D. saw/was hoping
E. see/will hope
Dikkat:
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Yan tümcede present perfect tense mümkündür.
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When I ..... my last exam I ..... for, I plan to have a long holiday.
A. had taken/studied
B. have taken/have been studying
C. take/study
D. took/had been studying
E. will take/am studying
3.5. Now that
KULLANIMI
now that + tümce
ÇEVİRİSİ
-DIğI için
(Hazır) ... yüklem -DIğI [(n)E] göre
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Now that everybody is here, we can start the meeting.
3.6. Ving
He came in shouting.
Bu yapıya benzer bir yapıda hiç yüklem kullanılmamaktadır:
He came in drunk. (= When he came in he was drunk.)
3.7. During
KULLANIMI
during + ad
ÇEVİRİSİ
esnasında
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During the storm, a lot of people hid in the cinema.
4. TIME AFTER
4.1. After
KULLANIMI
after + tümce [1] / Ving [2] / ad [3]
ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem/ad + -DEn/(mEsIn)In ardından/sonra
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After he had seen the murder, he couldn't sleep whole night. [1]
After finishing his meal, Peter went to bed. [2]
After the riot, everything is calm and quiet. [3]
You will be responsible for the whole project ..... I've left, so now listen carefully!
A. after
B. during
C. for
D. since
E. while
4.2. As soon as
KULLANIMI
as soon as + tümce [1] / Ving [2]
ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -Er yüklem + -mEz
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As soon as she saw the poster, she burst out a laughter. [1]
As soon as leaving work, he rushes to the bar. [2]
Bir eş anlam:
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as soon as = the minute
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4.3. Directly/Immediately
Bu iki yapı da sık kullanılmaz.
KULLANIMI
directly / immediately + tümce
ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -Er yüklem + -mEz
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She smiled immediately she heard the news.
İki eş anlam:
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directly / immediately = the moment / the minute
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4.4. Once
KULLANIMI
once + tümce [1] / Ving [2]
ÇEVİRİSİ
Bir kez .. yüklem + -DI mI/-mEyE gör-
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Once I make make up my mind, nothing can stop me. [1]
Once signing this contract, you will have to obey the rules. [2]
4.5. Since
KULLANIMI
since + tümce [1] / Ving [2] / ad [3]
ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -Den beri/bu yana
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He feels much better since he completed his exams. [1]
We haven't gone out since visiting you. [2]
I've been typing since 12. [3]
I haven't had a single accident ..... I got my driving license almost ten years ago.
A. after
B. as
C. before
D. for
E. since
Present perfect konusunda da belirtildiği gibi ...
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since + simple past
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4.6. When / Whenever
Kullanım ve çeviri açısından yukarıda Same time başlığı altında ele alınan when / whenever ile aynıdır.
4.7. Now that
Kullanım ve çeviri açısından yukarıda Same time başlığı altında ele alınan now that ile aynıdır.
4.8. No sooner ... than
KULLANIM
No sooner + had + Subject + V3 + than ..+ Simple Past
ÇEVİRİ
Daha yeni/Henüz ... yüklem + -mIştI ki ...
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No sooner had he left than he heard the explosion.
Çok önemli özellikler:
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No sooner + had + özne + V3 + than ..+ simple past
No sooner ... yapısında mutlaka than kullanılır.
No sooner ... yapısının tümce başında yer alması durumunda, mutlaka devrik yapı kullanılır.
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4.9. Hardly / Scarcely ... when
Kullanım ve çeviri açısından No sooner ... than yapısı ile aynıdır.
Çok önemli özellikler:
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Hardly/Scarcely + had + özne + V3 + when ..+ simple past
Hardly/scarcely yapısında mutlaka when kullanılır.
Hardly/Scarcely yapısının tümce başında yer alması durumunda, mutlaka devrik yapı kullanılır.
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4.10. On, upon
Ving başlığı altında (aşağıda 5 numaralı başlık) ele alınmaktadır.
4.11. (only) to ...
Geçici bir durumu göstermek ve durumun ortaya çıkardığı sonucu ifade etmek için kullanılır.
I rushed to the door to discover it was locked
tümcesinde to discover yapısı in order to discover anlamı
Dostları ilə paylaş: |