The Arabic Language
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| katabtu la-hu
‘I wrote to him’ versus kātabtu-hu ‘I notified him in writing’; qumtu la-hu ‘I stood up against him’ versus qāwamtu-hu ‘I resisted him, I rebelled against him’. Likewise, measure IV raises the valency of the base verb with one, as in ḥasuna ‘to be good’ versus ʾaḥsana ‘to make good; to do well’; kataba ‘to write’ versus ʾaktaba ‘to make someone write something’; ʿalima ‘to know something’ versus ʾaʿlama ‘to make someone know something, to notify someone about something’. No. Form General value Example I faʿala base verb kataba ‘to write’ kasara ‘to break [transitive]’ ʿalima ‘to know’ qāma ‘to get up’ jamaʿa ‘to collect’ ġafara ‘to forgive’ baʿuda ‘to be/become far’ II faʿʿala intensive factitive kassara ‘to shatter’ ʿallama ‘to instruct’ III fāʿala relational kātaba ‘to write to so.’ qāwama ‘to stand up against so.’ bāʿada ‘to remove’ IV ʾafʿala causative ʾaktaba ‘to make so. write’ V tafaʿʿala reciprocal of II reflexive-intransitive of II taḥaddaṯa ‘to converse’ takassara ‘to be shattered’ VI tafāʿala reciprocal of III reflexive-intransitive of III takātaba ‘to correspond’ tabāʿada ‘to be removed’ VII infaʿala reflexive-intransitive of I inkasara ‘to break [intransitive]’ VIII iftaʿala reflexive-intransitive of I ijtamaʿa ‘to assemble’ IX ifʿalla colours and defects iḥmarra ‘to be red’ X istaf ʿala reflexive-intransitive of IV requestive estimative istaktaba ‘to dictate’ istaġfara ‘to ask for forgiveness’ istaḥsana ‘to approve’ Table 6.4 The verbal measures The Structure of Arabic 97 Some measures transform a transitive into a middle (reflexive-intransitive) one. This is the case of measure VIII iftaʿala in relation with the base verb, for example, jamaʿa ‘to collect’ versus ijtamaʿa ‘to assemble’, and of measure V tafaʿʿala in relation with measure II faʿʿala , for example, ṭawwara ‘to develop [intransitive]’ versus taṭawwara ‘to develop [intransitive]’. A similar relationship exists between measure X istafʿala and measure IV ʾafʿala . The augment -s - in istafʿala goes back to an earlier form of measure IV, safʿala , which has survived in a few archaic verbs in Classical Arabic, for example, salqā ‘to throw down’ (cf. ʾalqā ‘id.’). The relation - ship between II/III and V/VI may also involve non-reciprocity versus reciprocity, as in ḥaddaṯa ‘to tell someone’ versus taḥaddaṯa ‘to have a conversation’; kātaba ‘to notify someone in writing’ versus takātaba ‘to correspond’. In addition to their role in the assignment of valency, verbal measures may denote various other meanings, which makes it difficult to predict the exact meaning of a specific verb in a specific measure. Measure V tafaʿʿala , for instance, sometimes has the connotation of simulation or adaptation, as in taʿarraba ‘to Arabicise’ or taṭabbaba ‘to be a quack’, tanabbā ‘to be a pseudo-prophet’. Again, this is lexically specified and could hardly be called a productive use. Some grammars mention even more measures, up to XV, than the current ten (Wright [1859–62] 1964: I, 46–7); they all involve reduplication or the insertion of a glide or an augment -n- : XI ifʿālla , for example, ibyāḍḍa ‘to be white’ (variant of IX ibyaḍḍa ) XII ifʿawʿalā , for example, iḥdawdaba ‘to be humpbacked’ (variant of IX iḥdabba ) XIII ifʿawwala , for example, iʿlawwada ‘to be heavy’ (variant of I ʿalida ‘to be hard’) XIV ifʿanlala , for example, iḥlankaka ‘to be jet black’ (variant of I ḥalika ‘id.’) XV ifʿanlā , for example, iḥbanṭā , ‘to be swollen’ (variant of I ḥabiṭa ‘id.’) The meaning of most of these verbs is lexically specified. Some of them resemble the ad hoc formations we have encountered in rajaz poetry (see above, p. 71), which are likely to be nothing more than ghost words in the dictionaries. In the modern dialects the system of measures has been drastically reduced: the causative (measure IV) has disappeared from most dialects (except some of the Bedouin dialects; see p. 193). The t- (measure V) and n- (measure VII) forms are often modified into new passive formations instead of the internal passive of Classical Arabic (see Chapter 8, p. 135). Yüklə 2,37 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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