National Latin Exam

Latin IB Supplementum: Nōmen ____________________________
“National Latin Exam” Diēs _______________________________

National Latin Exam

Latin I
Study Packet

Syllabus

I. Language

A Nouns: Declensions I, II & III

1. Nominative: subject & predicate nominative

2. Genitive: possession

3. Dative: indirect object

4. Accusative: direct object

object of the prepositions ad, ante, circum, contra, in, inter, per, post, prope, trans

5. Ablative: object of the prepositions ā / ab, cum, dē, ē/ex, in,

prō, sine, sub; means / instrument

6. Vocative: direct address

B. Pronouns

1. Personal: egō, tū, nōs, vōs (all four cases)

2. Interrogative: quis, quī, quid (nominative & accusative)

C. Adjectives: Declensions I & II

1. Noun / Adjective Agreement

2. Interrogative quot

3. Numbers

a. Cardinal Numbers 1-10, 100, 1000

b. Roman Numerals

D. Adverbs: Positive forms from I & II adjectives

1. Interrogative cūr, ubi, quōmodō

2. Irregular bene, male

E. Conjunctions: aut, et, neque, quod, sed, ubi, et…et, neque…neque

F. Enclitics: -ne, -que

G. Verbs: Conjugations I, II, III, & IV

1. Four tenses of the Indicative Mood / Active Voice: Present, Imperfect, Future, & Perfect

2. Present Active Imperative & Negative Imperative

3. Irregular Verb sum in Present, Imperfect, Future, & Perfect

4. Present Active Infinitive

II. Culture & Civilization

A. Geography

1. Important Italian locations

2. Provinces & major cities

B. History

1. Basic historical divisions & associated terms

2. Kings of Rome and early Roman heroes

C. Mythology

1. The Olympians and associated myths

2. Major heroes & monsters

D. Roman Life

1. City of Rome

2. Architectural structures

3. Housing, Meals, & Clothing

III. Latin in Use

A. Basic Spoken Phrases

B. English Derivatives

C. Expressions, Mottoes, & Abbreviations

IV. Reading Level: Students read words, phrases and simple sentences designed to assess their ability to comprehend the Latin. The reading comprehension passage is composed of mostly familiar vocabulary with glosses provided where appropriate. Passage content is based on familiar topics.

Grammar Review

I. Noun Chart

	1^st Declension (F, few M)	2^nd Declension (M)	2^nd Declension (N)	3^rd Declension (M/F)	3^rd Declension (N)
(Singular)
Nominative	-a	-us	-um	varies	varies
Genitive	-ae	-ī	-ī	-is	-is
Dative	-ae	-ō	-ō	-ī	-ī
Accusative	-am	-um	-um	-em	varies
Ablative	-ā	-ō	-ō	-e (-ī)	-e (-ī)
(Plural)
Nominative	-ae	-ī	-a	-ēs	-(i)a
Genitive	-ārum	-ōrum	-ōrum	-(i)um	-(i)um
Dative	-īs	-īs	-īs	-ibus	-ibus
Accusative	-ās	-ōs	-a	-ēs	-(i)a
Ablative	-īs	-īs	-īs	-ibus	-ibus

II. Case Functions

A. Nominative = Subject OR Predicate Nominative

B. Genitive = Possession

C. Dative = Indirect Object OR Object of Special Verbs

D. Accusative = Direct Object OR Object of Prepositions

E. Ablative = Object of Prepositions

F. Vocative = Direct Address

III. Definitions

A. The subject is the noun which does the action.

B. The predicate nominative is a noun or adjective which follows the verb (in English) and describes / modifies the subject (nominative) in the sentence.

C. The direct object is the noun which receives the action.

D. The indirect object in the noun which receives the direct object.

E. Possession is expressed by “of” or an apostrophe, e.g., Mike’s book.

F. Prepositions (in Latin) usually show place or motion.

G. The Vocative Case is used when addressing someone. The Vocative Case is usually the same as the Nominative Case EXCEPT in forms that end in a -us suffix or an -ius suffix. When the Nominative form ends in a -us, change the -us to an -e. When the Nominative form ends in an -ius, change the -ius to an -ī.

IV. Examples

A. Caecilius Quīntō togam dedit.

Nom + Dat + Acc + Verb

Caecilius gave a toga to Quintus.

Sub + Verb + D.O. + I.O.

B. amīcus in vīllā Caeciliī cēnābat.

Nom + Abl/Prep + Gen + Verb

The friend was dining in the house of Caecilius.

Sub + Verb + Prep Phrase + Possessive

C. turba per portas urbis ruebat.

Nom + Acc/Prep + Gen = Verb

The crowd was rushing through the gates of the city.

Sub + Verb + Prep Phrase + Possessive

D. Vocative Case

1. Metella (Nominative) → Metella (Vocative)

2. puellae (Nominative) → puellae (Vocative)

3. Quīntus (Nominative) → Quīnte (Vocative)

4. Caecilius (Nominative) → Caecilī (Vocative)

5. servī (Nominative) → servī (Vocative)

6. Clēmēns (Nominative) → Clēmēns (Vocative)

7. Grumiō (Nominative) → Grumiō (Vocative)

8. iūvenēs (Nominative) → iūvenēs (Vocative)

V. Pronoun Chart

	1^st Person / Singular	2^nd Person / Singular
Nominative	egō	tū
Dative	mihi	tibi
Accusative	mē	tē
Ablative	mē	tē
	1^st Person / Plural	2^nd Person / Plural
Nominative	nōs	vōs
Dative	nōbīs	vōbīs
Accusative	nōs	vōs
Ablative	nōbīs	vōbīs

VI. Adjectives

A. Nouns & Adjectives must AGREE in three ways…

1. Gender; Masculine, Feminine, Neuter

2. Number; Singular, Plural

3. Case; Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Ablative

B. Nouns & Adjectives must be EQUAL but not IDENTICAL

2 + 2 = 1 + 3

4 = 4

The sides of the equation do not look IDENTICAL

BUT

If you solve the equation, both sides are EQUAL.

C. Cardinal Numbers

1. ūnus, -a, -um = one

2. duō, duae, duō = two

3. trēs, trēs, tria = three

4. quatttuor = four

5. quīnque = five

6. sex = six

7. septem = seven

8. octō = eight

9. novem = nine

10. decem = ten

11. centum = one hundred

12. mille = one thousand
D. Roman Numerals

1. The base numbers are...

I V X L C D M

1 5 10 50 100 500 1,000

2. Roman Numerals are written…

a. …from Left to Right

b. …from Big to Little

c. …Except digits of 4’s and 9’s where the little number will precede the big number, indicating that you should subtract those two before continuing with the addition process.
VII. Adverbs: Latin adverbs are formed from Latin adjectives from the 1 / 2 Declensions in the following manner…

A. laetus, -a, -um = happy → laetē = happily

B. cautus, -a, -um = cautious → cautē = cautiously

C. intentus, -a, -um = intent → intentē = intently

D. celerrimus, -a, -um = very quick → celerrimē = very quickly

E. optimus, -a, -um = very good → optimē = very well

VIII. Verb Charts

Present	1st Conjugation	2^nd Conjugation	3^rd Conjugation	3^rd -io	4^th Conjugation	Irregular “sum”
Singular
1^st / “I”	laudō	habeō	bibō	faciō	audiō	sum
2^nd / “you”	laudās	habēs	bibis	facis	audīs	es
3^rd / “h/s/i”	laudat	habet	bibit	facit	audit	est
Plural
1^st / “we”	laudāmus	habēmus	bibimus	facimus	audīmus	sumus
2^nd / “y’all”	laudātis	habētis	bibitis	facitis	audītis	estis
3^rd / “they”	laudant	habent	bibunt	faciunt	audiunt	sunt

Imperfect	1st Conjugation	2^nd Conjugation	3^rd Conjugation	3^rd -io	4^th Conjugation	Irregular “sum”
Singular
1^st / “I”	laudābam	habēbam	bibēbam	faciēbam	audiēbam	eram
2^nd / “you”	laudābas	habēbas	bibēbas	faciēbas	audiēbas	eras
3^rd / “h/s/i”	laudābat	habēbat	bibēbat	faciēbat	audiēbat	erat
Plural
1^st / “we”	laudābāmus	habēbāmus	bibēbāmus	faciēbāmus	audiēbāmus	erāmus
2^nd / “y’all”	laudābātis	habēbātis	bibēbātis	faciēbātis	audiēbātis	erātis
3^rd / “they”	laudābant	habēbant	bibēbant	faciēbant	audiēbant	erant

Future	1st Conjugation	2^nd Conjugation	3^rd Conjugation	3^rd -io	4^th Conjugation	Irregular “sum”
Singular
1^st / “I”	laudābō	habēbō	bibam	faciam	audiam	erō
2^nd / “you”	laudābis	habēbis	bibēs	faciēs	audiēs	eris
3^rd / “h/s/i”	laudābit	habēbit	bibet	faciet	audiet	erit
Plural
1^st / “we”	laudābimus	habēbimus	bibēmus	faciēmus	audiēmus	erimus
2^nd / “y’all”	laudābitis	habēbitis	bibētis	faciētis	audiētis	eritis
3^rd / “they”	laudābunt	habēbunt	bibent	facient	audient	erunt

Perfect	1st Conjugation	2^nd Conjugation	3^rd Conjugation	3^rd -io	4^th Conjugation	Irregular “sum”
Singular
1^st / “I”	laudāvī	habuī	bibī	fēcī	audīvī	fuī
2^nd / “you”	laudāvistī	habuistī	bibistī	fēcistī	audīvistī	fuistī
3^rd / “h/s/i”	laudāvit	habuit	bibit	fēcit	audīvit	fuit
Plural
1^st / “we”	laudāvimus	habuimus	bibimus	fēcimus	audīvimus	fuimus
2^nd / “y’all”	laudavistis	habuistis	bibistis	fēcistis	audīvistis	fuistis
3^rd / “they”	laudāvērunt	habuērunt	bibērunt	fēcērunt	audīvērunt	fuērunt

IX. Definitions & Translations

A. The Present Tense indicates that the action is happening NOW.

B. The Present Tense translates as he walks, he is walking,

he does walk.

C. The Imperfect Tense indicates that the action happened in the past BUT it is NOT COMPLETE.

D. The Imperfect Tense translates as he was walking, he used to walk.

E. The Future Tense indicates that the action WILL happen.

F. The Future Tense translates as he will walk.

G. The Perfect Tense indicates that the action happened in the past AND it is COMPLETE.

H. The Perfect Tense translates as he walked, he has walked,

he did walk.

X. Infinitive

A. An Infinitive verb is one which is NOT limited by person.

B. The Infinitive is always the 2^nd Principal Part of the verb.

C. The Infinitive translates as to walk.

D. The Infinitive is generally utilized as a Complementary Infinitive.

1. Irregular Verbs

a. posse (to be able) + infinitive

b. velle (to want) + infinitive

c. nōlle (to not want) + infinitive

2. Impersonal Verbs

a. difficile est (it is difficult) + dative + infinitive

b. facile est (it is easy) + dative + infinitive

c. necesse est (it is necessary) + dative + infinitive

d. commodum est (it is convenient) + dative + infinitive

e. decōrum est (it is proper) + dative + infinitive

f. periculōsum est (it is dangerous) + dative + infinitive

g. melius est (it is better) + dative + infinitive

3. Miscellaneous

a. temptāre (to try, attempt) + infinitive

b. amāre (to like, love) + infinitive

c. cupīre (to want, desire) + infinitive

d. audēre (to dare) + infinitive

e. solēre (to be accustomed) + infinitive

XI. Imperative Mood

A. The Imperative mood is a verb in the Command form.

B. Positive: To form the Imperative mood, start with the 2^nd principal part of the verb and drop the -re. This gives you the singular form. In order to make it plural, simply add a -te suffix. N.B.: In the 3^rd declension, you will need to change the short -e to a short -i before adding the -te, like we do for the present tense.

1. festināre → festinā! / festināte!

2. sedēre → sedē! / sedēte!

3. bibere → bibe! / bibite!

4. audīre → audī! / audīte!

C. Negative:

The singular is Noli + Infinitive

The Plural is Nolite + Infinitive

1. noli festinare (don’t hurry) nolite festinare (don’t hurry, ya’ll)

2. noli sedēre nolite sedēre

3. noli bibere nolite bibere

4. noli audīre nolite audīre

Geography

I. The Roman World

↑Britannia↑ Germania