A historical Perspective During the Reign of
Yüklə 4,92 Mb.
|
- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- JOKETSU UECHI TSURU (The Heroine of the House of Uechi)
- UECHI KANBUN SHUSHOJI NO JIDAI HAIKEI (A background an the Period Surrounding the birth of Uechi Kanbun)
- Chu no Bu (Comments)
- Chui 1 (Note 1)
- --Formation of the Characters of Ji, which make up Itomi
- Chui 2 (Note 2)
- (Note: See Chart A for breakdown of this government system)
KOBUSHI-SEI NO SHUSSHO & KARATE-DO REKISHI Chapter I Kobushi-Sei no Shusho The Birth of a Fist-Way Saint (cont) Master text pages 20-21
The Heroin of the House of Uechi Master text pages 21-22
A background on the birth era of Uechi Kanbun Master text page 22-23
Comments section Master text pages 24-35
A Journey to China Eichi to Gumai Wisom and Ignorance Master text page 38
A record in the pursuit of the martial arts Master text pages 39-40
A dream of being a strong person thru all odds An assortment of articles Master text pages 41-43
Draft Evasion Master text pages 44-47
The reasons for going and returning from China Master text pages 48-55
Comments section and associated articles Master text pages 56-82
Okinawa and the Chinese province of Fukien Budo no shiso teki dento The ideas of traditional Budo Master text page 84
The province of Fukien and the city of Foochow Master text pages 85-95
But the topics they chose often were abhorred by the rich and famous. The House of Uechi often spoke down on the evils of luxury. They spoke of being pure of heart and living an austere lifestyle. Also they spoke of the principles of the supreme spirit, which was the center for all men to learn and dwell on. With this, the Bugei of the House of Uechi as their lineage developed were the founders for a strong base for the upcoming Uechi Ryu Karate Do (Pangainoon Ryu), which eventually came to be. It was a way of developing the personality to its highest levels. The virtues of their topics were almost inarguable. The shizoku and commoners love of sake and dance, showed a revering and enthusiasm for ancient traditions. With body drunk on fun and sake they furthered common goals time and time again. Men then who were quick to drink, dance and sing were of a hearty breed. This outlet for the common man was always available. People who were slow of speech were always interesting. They were always smiling and laughing and inclined to bend an eat anything. Men who went out to celebrate always did so with friends and in the company of cultured women. Men of ancient Okinawa always drank for pleasure especially men, who had families. They would drink on any occasion either at home, or at the homes of friends. The husbands were always bleary eyed when happy or gloomy or when they were sad. Often times they drank till they could not walk. But they were never impolite when they bumped into someone. They were always apologetic. They always traveled in pairs so they could help each other, out. This is where the understanding of women or heroines comes into play. As with every great man there is a great woman. She understands what was expected of her and treated her other half accordingly. The spirit of the husband and wife are very much intertwined. This is evident with the parents of Uechi Kanbun. He followed the shining example of his parents and they guided his life as best as they could. As Uechi Kanbun became of age he developed both physically and mentally. This in turned prepared him in many ways for his adventures in Kobushi Ho. JOKETSU UECHI TSURU (The Heroine of the House of Uechi) Uechi Kanbun the Fistway Saint. When he was born he was destined to be a hero. Along with every male hero though was a female hero. This will fall into place later. As a man he is proud of his stature, the breadth of his shoulders and his height, which is all part of the making of a great man or hero. The man is always revered as the possessor of a great physique. For men to suppress a woman is a popular ideology. But the desire to see a woman excel was not a popular one during this era. But to have a woman who is like a man i.e., gentle and full of energy and able to be durable would be a perfect match for the then man. The woman in the family then was always diametrically opposite of the man. But even some women whose build was of average stature were considered just ordinary. With this type of physique a wife was just a wife back in ancient times. Before Uechi Kantoku would always state that the Bushi was always charged with protecting someone somewhere. But for the Bushi to act as a farmer was one step out of the norm. One always thought of commoners either woman or man which according to the Bushi neither had the physique or status to even compete with the Bushi. This then became a turning point for the commoner who proved his mettle with the Bushi and proved they could be equal if not better. Even though through this transition of a one-class system the feudal warrior still held himself high above the common folk. Some samurai never changed. Therefore, his daily deportment was to behave as if nothing had changed. But he was always good natured and fair with all men. Uechi Kanbun was gifted, ever since he was born. He showed much promise. After his brief periods of illness as a child, his body had developed and became more supple and muscular. This was due partially from the rigorous farm life he lived. He was also a very gifted talker. This was to prepare him for what was to come in the future. His gift of talkativeness came from his mother. Of course his body development came from his father. Every minute that Kanbun lived it was almost as if he was being prepared for the future and that being a practitioner of Kobushi Ho. UECHI KANBUN SHUSHOJI NO JIDAI HAIKEI (A background an the Period Surrounding the birth of Uechi Kanbun) Uechi Kanbun was born in the 10th year 5th month 5th day in the era of Meiji. During this time there was much political controversy happening in mainland Japan. On Okinawa in those days the abolition of the system of clans was in place. During the 4th year 7th month of Meiji they were carrying out this edict in Japan. On Okinawa during this period the island was growing luxuriously. Ideas and people from China (Mainland) were starting to show up on Okinawa. On Okinawa during the 12th year 3rd month 31st day of the era of Meiji the abolition of the clans took place. The Japanese government then turned their attention and focus to Okinawa. There were still some factions against the implementation of the abolition. There also were of course those for the abolition movement. The Pro Japanese were the moderate group (Sanshikan Giyawan Cho Ho) as they were then called. The diehards as they were often called were known as the Anti Japanese (Hannichi). The other Pro Japanese groups were known as Shinnichi. The other Anti Japanese groups were the (Sanshikan Senshobu). The Anti Japanese factions even though a minority was an opposition to reckon with. There were other factions just based on bigotry. The circulation of these ideas especially was very widespread. The sprouts of an age of reform though were taking hold. The assets of the idea of abolition were not being properly used on Okinawa during this period. Even at the village level. The principle in most populated areas, which were believed to be Anti-Japanese, still held fast to the clan system. One source of resistance in this area came from government officials many of whom were Shizoku. Many of these individuals were from Shuri and Kubei villages. But the one ideal all believed in was the one of preservation. This was one of the earliest ideas developed and nurtured. But eventually this would lead the way for all to follow and develop a one-class system. Both of the factions then had to work toward a common goal when they found out that this system was for the best. Therefore both quarters had to compromise though on many issues. This was all happening during the Nisshin Senso (Sino Japanese War) during the 30th year of Meiji. But during the war era things were becoming increasingly difficult. There had to be a want to unite as a nation in order to survive. Therefore it was for a firm commitment for the one class system instead of a one hierarchy. Self-expression was encouraged from both factions for ideas to solve their then modern problems. In Chapter I it was mentioned that the government of Japan and Okinawa had 8 years of disagreement on many matters of state. During the 4th year of Meiji Shotai a Ryukyuan feudal lord and current King one of the people was to help implement the imperial edict of a one-class system. Then a pre war minister Osho Kikan of the Shoden Do as mentioned in (Note #6) was nominated to a position in the government during the Sth year 7th month of Meiji, and was responsible for the implementation of the imperial edict of the one class system. He also attended that day it was implemented during the 12th year 3rd month 29th day of Meiji at Shuri castle on Okinawa. It was proclaimed that this edict would be monitored and reported on every 8th year to King Shotai of Shuri castle with his transfer out of power to a place, of comfortability within the castle as a minor official lived very well. His successor Chuyo Oden O moved in and took over successfully. So both individual birthdays to this day are still celebrated. The Japanese government in regards to the Ryukyuan islands disposition of the abolition of the clans had a far-reaching effect. It did not quite take hold for a while as there was also and invasion of Korea going on. The political climate and controversy during this era was quite intense and resistance to change also affected this era. There was also many government and military factions also involved which were also divided on this issue. This was again a result of the many controversial issues happening within country. Also Mainland China was also starting get into the picture also. A majority though of the Ryukyuan government was for the change, but with the political climate as it was in Japan, Korea and China kind of slowed things down for a complete conversion of the political issues the people and the government wanted settled. Other problems also plaguing the era of Uechi Kanbuns birth in the 4th year 10th month of Meiji, another disaster a+ a different type hit. A typhoon hit Formosa and Okinawa killing 54 people. These types of disasters were commonplace though back then. In other area (Mainland China) under the Manchu's this country wanted to take Formosa and Okinawa under their rule. The Japanese government was against this and told them they could take Formosa but leave Okinawa along as the Island belongs to the Japanese government. But Mainland China could still have trade with Okinawa. In the 8th year 7th month a+ Meiji the government took action to remove the Ryukyuan Shoden Do and set up the Haihan Chihen in its place. This was a group opposed to opening up Japan. In those days isolationism was still intact. Japan only traded with a few countries thru third parties only. Korea was excluded from these trade routes. But upon receiving other information it was decided to invade Korea and take what they wanted. The Japanese government guaranteed the defeat of this small peninsula country. Several individuals and groups were against this invasion for numerous reasons. Some of the individuals who were against this invasion were Saigo Ryosei, Kato Shinkei, Itagatakien Shijo, Fukushima Shushing, Goto Sho and two or three others who were against hostilities toward Korea. They felt it was their duty to be anti warlike. The subjugation of Korea was at best a little premature. There were several people who thought that Japan/Okinawa should concentrate on domestic issues rather than ravaging other countries. Members of this opposition party were known as the Daikyu Horitsu Daiwai Jushin, Daibaku Kyojinq Kihodo Koin. These four groups were important opposition parties. The Sanio Jutsubi Taisho Daishin was in a position of obscurity then and held a tight reign on the above opposition groups. On the domestic issues during this era one had to think of ones village and family before all else. This was thought of as more important than trying to subjugate another country. In other words lets take care of business at home before we advance out to other countries and create more problems for ourselves. There also was criticism from the Shizoku on the proper educating of their children, which they were not receiving because all the resources were geared toward a military war effort. The question of continued prosperity was also brought up. Would it continue if a war effort were created? Word was passed around to seize the small castles and hold hostages in opposition to setting military garrisons that went up anyway for the then increased war effort. Prosperity was not hampered that much during this period as some people expected. This was in the 1837 1911 time frame. The origin of the invasion of Korea was according to records started during a Southwest war campaign off the coast of Okinawa. According to records this happened in the 10th year of Meiji. The cessation of this Southwest war campaign is rather sketchy. The political climate both inside and outside of Japan and Okinawa was very bad during these years especially the northern central areas especially near Itomi village. The southern and western areas were also affected. It was made clear from the start that the environment was not to be affected. Uechi Kantoku and his wife gave birth to Kanbun during a relatively calm period in history. Kanbuns life from birth as stated before was very much molded for him. During the years when Kanbun was sick his family moved to the mountains were the air was clean and fresh and the countryside very green and plush. Kanbuns growth from infancy to adulthood was one of great pleasure. Both of Kanbuns parents stated that their son was one of the finest. He was very solemn and disciplined. Where Uechi Kanbun most of what he knew was gained from his parents on a farm in the country. Both parents helped Kanbun to grow up healthy and strong. Even though Kanbun thought that his efforts were being wasted on trivial matters, such as learning ceremony and introductions to penmanship it was not wasted as he found out. As Kanbun found out that thru manual labor he learned to endure all hardships he deemed not important at the time. It seemed that later on Kanbun had a natural talent for learning and developing perseverance. This was one of the primary factors for him wanting to go to China to learn Chinese Literature and Chinese Culture. Both parents were silent when they found out what their son was planning. Uechi Kanbun after growing up with a good physique and musculature they knew he was the best. Kanbun grew up honest and forthright. His capability for endurance and patience were his best attributes. Uechi Kanbuns uniqueness after coming of age was one of the reasons he adapted so quickly to become a Bujin. But he still had a lot to learn. Chu no Bu (Comments) The notes or comments in this textual material are treated as fact. Their source comes from the Head Office (Honbu) on Okinawa. The details of which are presented in the following: The first part of this article is presented as quotes from the books author. The intent of these written commentaries is to present the reader with a set of facts, ideas and comments. These will aid the reader in forming his or her own opinion as to what is being presented. Consequently the nature of this material is in an outline format or a sort. The material derived from the Honbu is as accurate as possible. This material should be looked at subjectively. We requested the consent of all parties prior to writing these articles. Chui #1 (Note #1) The history of Itomi village on Okinawa in this first section was derived from the literary works of "Kenjisa". These works are also a part of the "Ryukyu Shiryo Kenkyukai" (Okinawan Historical Research Society). A brief account of this historical development is presented for your review. 600 years ago in the village of Itomi, Yomitsuji, Daitogen, and Naigen, the natural beauty of these villages came from the rice paddy’s architecture. This is especially true in the Sanryokusho area, which was a main population center during that era. 549 years ago during the Christian era (A.D. 1416), which was during the 11-year reign of Shoshisho's at the Kinkujin Castle. This was an area where a majority of the fugitive warrior clique came for sanction and or employment. This area later became a cultural center. Most of the fugitive warriors during this era excelled as agricultural specialists (Bean growers). The eldest son of the founder of Itomi was Shitaguri, who lived in the village of Naigen. He gained much knowledge and how to make land arable from the local villagers. This knowledge was then passed on to his son. This is how the development of the famous "Bean of Itomi" got started. Shitaguri's second son Go Shozen and his lineage have existed to this day. Behind naigen lie the villages of Kinki, Jitenteil Koshigi, and Kashugi. In these villages are people who migrated from Itomi years before. Another village Kashinji whose named later changed to Oshima lies right next to Saion, which was another village that people migrated from to Itomi. This took place some 230 years before. In the village of Saion in the year 1736 during Shokei's reign, who was one of the co founders of the Sanrin Seisaku or Mountain and Forest Preservation Society? He received help from the following areas Kokuto Kansai Soshu mura (Soshu Village), Kyukin Kansai Taiko mura (Taiko Village), Kinkin Kansai & Gabusoka Kogachi Goga mura (Goga Village), and Uchi Kansai who helped in proportioning of people in each of the surrounding villages. There were a few people in the area of Goga San (Goga Mountain area) who finally moved into Go9a village proper, which helped to even the population standard out some. The Honbu decreed that additional divisions would be required from Kihama, Sekikaha, Kenken, and Henmeichi villages. These villages bordered the coastal areas. In present day literature not much else has been unearthed about this movement of people to and from Itomi. According to the Totaigen Rosenshu no Chosho (Literary Works) Yatei mura was merged with Itomi 240 years agog and then was unexplainably split up and people were sent back to their original homes in Yatei. There is not much supporting evidence even to this day that this incident even occurred. During the Seireki (Christian era A.D.) 1729 during Shohei's reign a court/rank system was established and regulated. In the rural areas some farmers were transferred into the bigger, cities. This cut down on their freedom and their more natural way of life. Most ignored orders to move and stayed in the country. There was though a small minority that was allowed to stay to farm the land. Next is the village of Iyaha. 299 years ago this village was named Kashinji. It was assumed by many that this happened more in the time frame of about 350 years ago. This date is unimportant. What is important is the peacefulness that these villages worked toward. Itomi village existence came about during Kitayama’s "O’s" downfall along with Kishijin Kanji and Koshijin Oji’s subjugation. Itomi was once named Itomi Okusho. Some others called it Itomi Yama. Either name was to be admired. During the Seireki (Christian era 1666) During the reign of Shoshutsu who was ruler for 19 years this area during this era consisted of 12 villages Iyaha was then a relatively new addition. This was before Kinjikin was renamed to Itomi. Iyaha became the 12th village to be established during this period. The Kihonbu merged several other smaller villages’ i.e., Henmeichi, Kenken, Raiteigu, Shisen, Hangen, Uraki, Birai, Gushiken, Kashinjij Goraitei to form Iyaha the 12th and newest village. This merging of the villages also annexed other villages for example Shinbu Gogushikeng Shokin, Gobirai, Sekikaha, Goraitei, Tokuchi to Itomi. This new organization of villages was incepted around the year 1667. The Honbu Kansai & the Honbu Oji Chokei, Shokushin, Iyaha Hashincho Shoki, Mokyoei, Anshi Chita, Sochito also changed the following village names no Ryoyu. 242 years, prior to the 41st year of Meiji, Senfu Kensei had a hand in the name change of the village of Itomi. Another individual Karen Chukyo was prosecuted fat these name changes as they were thought to be illegal. Another reason for this was that there were quite a few politicians and high village leaders who were opposed to these changes. But in the long run most of the names were changed with little at no opposition. A lot of the villages that were annexed produced more as a collective group rather than individually. But there was one drawback in that they ended up paying more taxes collectively. Some sought violence to end these increases. But as usual in the end they all paid what was required for the added freedom. --Formation of the Characters of Ji, which make up Itomi-- The characters that form the word Itomi were created during the 40th year of Meiji. Special towns and villages were accorded this privilege. Later on in the prefecture of Okinawa, all islands, and municipal organizations were changed and all villages were accorded this special recognition. This idea was well embraced by the Honbu village. Each town had a special function. Mainland Japan also adopted this new town system that had been incepted. Several of the outer archipelago islands were also included in this system. 9600 years ago in the area of what is now Itomi there were 3 main population centers. One of them was Kojojin Jo, which was a castle town, which later on was razed. It was a stronghold for fugitive warriors. This area was known fat, its ancient village’s one of which was Itomi. Soon after the 41st year of Meiji, Itomi had its name changed. Itomi Mura has been at its new location to this day. Chui #2 (Note #2) In about the 17th or 18th century the village paid quite a bit of tribute for, their existence despite the changes in personnel and political climates. The major, cities relied heavily on the farmers especially Shuri Shi and Naha Shi. There were a few Shizoku and Feudal Clan Lords living in these areas. These people eventually became city or, government officials and the Bushi, who were still plentiful in numbers, were still against changing over, to become agriculturists. Eventually there were a few who did change professions for either commerce or industry because of changes in the political or economical climate. Hikashun Chocho Shinko who wrote a portion of Okinawan history enjoyed what was termed the "Green Life". The term referred to the way life was back then. These days it is difficult to gather or collect accurate data on the past. The people in charge then didn’t keep very accurate records as to changes in climates. The individuals were more concerned about recording events about wars/duty and organizations but little if any was recorded on these subjects either. The village of Shuri's ruling class was made up of a Baron named Hyoteisho. The chart presented next gives a breakdown of the different cabinet ministries. Each ministry is indicated in parenthesis. Next to that is each government office, and off to the far left is regent in charge. The Japanese in many ways disagreed with this set up. The system for the Okinawans was a good one. It gave power, to the right people in the right order. MIKURA - KAE MIKURA KYOJO SHO JUGO NIN YAKUSHITA (IMPERIAL THRONE) 15 PEOPLE APPOINTED IN THE IMPERIAL THRONE CONFERENCE HALL.)
| |--
|-- | SHOTAIHO | BUTSUGYO GINMIYAKU (ADVISORS TO | | | THE REGENT) |-BUTSUGYO | SHTAIHO | BUTSUGYO GINMIYAKU |-- | | | | | | SHOTAIHO |-BUTSUGYO GINMIYAKU | | | |
|-SANSHIKAN | |-- |-- | |
| | SESSHO |-SANSHIKAN | (REGENT) | | |-- |-- | | | |
| SANSHIKAN | | SASHINOSOBA | SAESOKU HIKIN | | | -CHOSUSHU |-SOSHIKORI | SOSHIKURI |-- |-BUTSUGYO | |-MINISTRY | TOMAKIHITO | HAKUCHITO GINMIYAKU | | |
|-- | HIRAJYO | HEITO SHISOKU | | GINMIYAKU |-- |--
The Hyotei Sho Kabusoshiki is another organization, which advised the Imperial Regent along with members of the Sanshikan who also control the finance ministry. The last group as mentioned afore control internal/external political affairs. The Butsugyo controlled three sub areas, Shotaicho, Kyuchishol and the Yoiho. The second ministry, which was the Shinkoza, had 4 sub areas, which were Sashinosobal Soshikori, Tomakihito, and the Hirajyo. Under, these last four were seven sub ministries. Three were titled Butsugyo Ginmiyaku and the remaining four were titled as follows Saesoku Hikin Chosushu, Soshikuri Gihmiyaku, Haiuchito Ginmiyaku, and Heito Shisoko Ginmiyaku. As the above chart shows under each of these seven are listed each responsible department. The seven sub ministries along with other duties were involved in testing procedures. These testing procedures were for testing new people coming into service of a Daimyo for the first time. This way the government had a means of testing people in that they were who they said were as in the example of being of noble birth or not. This was a prerequisite before entering into service of any Daimyo. Each of the cabinet people was all of noble birth. Each member also had a first or second son in the family line. Each in turn would train to a successor to the father in government service. Each son before acceptance would have to pass rigid tests to prove his worth. Each ministry had a vice-minister. Under, each vice-minister were 15 officers in charge, each to a different post. Each one also had a strict grade structure. Each area also evaluated information received as a whole in support of the Imperial Throne. Then all the other areas reported collectively to the (Sessho or regent) as requested. The Sanshikan or advisors to each ministry review the information before the Sessho (Regent) reviews for approval/disapproval. Before the Regent can report to the Imperial Throne he must have input from the ministry requiring action. This also entails getting opinions from the 15 other ministers of the section requiring in Formation. Then it is given to the Sanshikan then on to the regent. Then as things are read edited, and finalized they can be prepared for review by the emperor. The Sessho and the Sanshikan's titles are by appointment from the emperor. The 15 other vice ministers are more or less voted in with the consent of the Kanshikan and the Sessho. (Note: See Chart A for breakdown of this government system) The local government authority dictated how many government offices there should be and how many people they will occupy. From these offices businessmen came for advice on ordinary affairs, which may affect a certain area. Important items then were of agriculture, farming, and religion. Tribute was collected in the form of taxes for this sometimes-trivial information. The heart of this hierarchy is what kept the royal family together. There were many officials from the government that worked for special lords from different areas. The lords depended on these officials so as to be able make decisions, which affect the people and the area. One such issue was gaining information from the area and people to allow trade between Okinawa and China. There were many officials who listened to the Shinkoza. One of the many duties was in decision-making concerning religious affairs. This was important because it affected the royal family. Other areas of concern were the regulation of peace and order in all areas political affairs, supervision of clerical affairs, and administration and guidance in the justice system. Another equally important area was in the dealings with foreigner’s i.e., Americans/English. These areas were very important especially in chronicling information on deals made between foreign countries. Certain cities were on the importance list as it was put i.e., Naha, Shuri and Anshi Shi. The king on Okinawa at this time had about as much power as his Counterpart in mainland Japan. The Okinawan system of government then was about as modern as it could be during this era. The never hesitated to put things or, people in their place with the powerful political infrastructure. The idea of one family was a concept the king on Okinawa propounded. He decreed that this would be for the good all. By making his government administration like a family, made for a better running government. The administration and the people whole-heartedly approved the idea of managing estates by the farmers under one leader. The rigor and forth rightness put out by the people under this type of leader ship was amazing. The center of the government and its offices were always open to each Shogen, landlord, minor officials, writers, Samurai, and farmers alike. One's employment and pedigree as stated in the first chapter guaranteed ones status in life. Each government office acted like a buffet, zone for the individual landowners. In addition each government office would check each new appointee and were they hailed from. This was especially true in the Naha Shi area. The Satsuma clans were the ones who more or less brought this system about. Some of these concepts were said to have from them. These appointments to a government post have given many a grateful individual a well off life. For instance a writer and or an assistant writer were given at first temporary posts, food, and lodging. After they proved their worth they were brought in and worked full time. This is much like our system of government today. With equality and status one gained much in life. Moreover there were many temporary posts available during this era. Some special government posts under the Sanshikan were for 2 to 3 years in duration. The terms of office changed with each available position. The government had a reason for this and it was a sort of checks and balance system to ensure people were not monopolizing positions for long periods of time. To obtain funds for these postings the official was responsible for bringing in special tributes from his area of responsibility. This was termed as payment for, quality service. Money paid to officials for favors rendered. This way the official was able to help when asked during his term of office. All unearned increments from these tributes were dispersed among the Samurai. If it were not for these government positions the lord of a fief would not have had stability and control over property and life under, his domain.
[Shinko Okinawa no Rekishi) Note areas of interest note #3 thru note #11, ref I thru ref III and especially note #6 in these areas there is a quote, which in its completeness depicts Okinawan history, as it should be. The related works in this publication are just a series of important quotes to guide and illuminate the reader. Excerpts are also taken from a monthly publication on Okinawan history. In note #6 a quotation from Ryukyuan education books entitled Nakayama Jashige Hen Ryukyu Shi Zetsu Ten. Yüklə 4,92 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
|