Dan’s Course on Islam
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12.6 Infanticide An Indian Muslim... was planning to stay in Saudi Arabia because there was a warrant out for his arrest in India. The authorities in India had discovered two days after his departure for Saudi Arabia that he and his wife had murdered their baby daughter by puring scalding water down the child’s throat. Jean Sasson, Princess Sultana’s Daughters, p. 88. 12.7 Arab Proverb about Agressiveness There is an old Arab saying: “My brother and I against our cousin, but my cousin and I against a stranger.” The message was always to stay “in the tribe” and never trust strangers. Nonie Darwish, Now They Call Me Infidel, p. 98. 12.8 The Pledge of Aqabah Six men of the Khazarj tribe visiting from the cith of Medina were attracted to his teaching. The following year when they returned, they and six others took the oath of allegiance whcih became known as ‘the first pledge of Aqabah’. Aqabah was athe name of a nearby hill where the oath was taken. The pledge given to Muhammad which many others would also take, was: We will not associate anything with God; we will not steal, nor commit adultery, nor fornication; we will not kill our children; we will abstain from calumny and slander; we ill obey the Prophet in everything that is right; and we will be faithful to him in weal and in sorrow. The new group returned to Medina with a musab (teacher) to instrucht them in the new way. The following year, when Medinans returned fro the annual pilgrimage to Mecca, their number had grown to 70-75 who secretly allied with Muhammad and pledged their very lives to him. This was known as ‘the second oledge of Aqabah’. Stuart Robinson, Mosques & Miracles, p. 133. Although he appears to have begun his mission as a sincere proclaimer of the truth as he perceived it, somewhere along the way he went astray. According to the Bible, the revelations of a prophet of God must agree with all of God’s previous revelations. Muhammad’s message contradicts the Word of God at several points, and he cannot therefore be considered as God’s prophet. Rather, to Christians, he is one of the false prophets foretold by Christ in Matthew 24:24-25, men who would lead astray many. Dr. Abraham Sarker, Understand My Muslim People, p. 66. 12.9 Different Kinds of Muslims Orthodox: Muslims who attend the local mosque, listen to the Friday sermon, say their prayers five times a day, fast the month of Ramadan, give their monies for the spread of Islam globally, and plan through saving their money to take the pilgimage to Mecca. Semi-orthodox: Those Muslims who pick and choose which practices of Islam they will observe. They do not know the intricacies of Islam but rally to the opinion the Islam is better suited to lead the world. Cultured Muslims: Those who are not practicing Muslims. They may be open to other religions and philosophical and culutural views and values. They may support Islam seeing it as a religion of peace or because it is the national thing to do without going into the intricacies of the Qur’an, the life of Muhammad and his example, the law and the traditions of historical Islam. Fanatical Muslims: Fanatical Muslims may or may not know and observe the intracies of Islam. However they do believe that Islam is the perfect religion for the world. They are prone to follow a charismatic Muslim leader or clergy type, to have a plan against the enemy, and to face martyrdom in the name of Islam. Dr. George Braswell, Islam and America, p. 108. 12.10 Muslims Felt Needs Tim Matheney’s list of felt needs among “transitional” Arab men in Lebanon:
Mathney, Reaching the Arabs: A Felf Needs Approach, pp. 146-152. 12.11 Muhammad Despised Poets Muhammad despised the poets: “Those who go astray follow the poets” (26:224); and in the collection of traditions known as the Mishkat, Muhammad is made to say: “A belly full of purulent matter is better than a belly full of poetry.” İbn Warraq, Why I’m Not a Muslim, p. 1. 12.12 Muhammad Despised Art The Dictionary of Islam (DOI p. 458) says, Muhammad cursed the painter or drawer of men and animals (Mishkat, 7, ch. 1 pt. 1), and consequently held them to be unlawful. As Ettinghousen points out in his Introduction to Arab Painting, (p.12-13) the Hadith are full of condemnatipn for “makers of figured pictures”, who are called the worst of men.” İbn Warraq, Why I’m Not a Muslim, p. 1. 12.13 Muhammad Despised Music Iran’s Ayatollah Khomeini spoke vehemently about the evils of music – and not just rock and roll or rap, but all music: Music rorrupts the minds of our youth. There is no difference between music and opiım. Both created lethargy in different ways. If you want your country to be independent, then ban music. Music is treason to our nation and to our youth. And art? Islam’s prohibition of representational art is even more absolute. Muhamamd said: “Angels do not enter a house wherein there is a dog or some images (or pictures etc.) of living creatures (a human being or an animal etc.). Robert Spencer, The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (And the Crusades), p. 89. 12.14 What is Special About Islamic Culture?
Colin Chapman, Cross and Crescent, p. 34. 12.15 Cultural Do’s & Don’ts
Nor turn their back toward the qibla (direction of prayer) (Bukhari 6:365).
‘In the Muslim faith, a dog is considered impure... if a dog drinks our of any container, it should be washed seven times, the first of which should be in water mixed with dust.’ Jean Sasson, Princes Sultana’s Daughters, p. 67.
Colin Chapman, Cross and Crescent, pp. 33-38 & 108. 12.16 Folk Islam Folk Islam: (Popular Islam) The popular superstitious and magical practices that have been, and still are, widespread in the world of Islam. Examples of Folk Islam include: 1) wearing an amulet (taw’s or muskat) as a luck charm to ward off evil spirits. 2) warding off the “evil eye” through displaying a representation of the eye on a house or car. 3) writing a verse from the Qur’an on a piece of paper, putting the paper in water and then drinking the water, or placing the paper in a hidden place in the house for protection from evil spirits. 4) using the names of God in a magical way. 5) drinking water from a particular spring because it is regarded as having magical powers. 6) Shrines are built over the graves of especially holy people, and people visit or make pilgirmage to them to obtain blessing or to seek relief for any kind of trouble or evil. 7) Healings, visions, miracles of different kinds, astrology, occultic practices may be found in some Muslim societies. 8) Some Islamic cultures have “pirs” (religious advisors) of five different kinds: a) leaders by heredity succession. b) religious and secular leaders of a local community. c) wandering merchants. d) practicing occultists. e) genuine contemplative mystics. Colin Chapman, Cross and Crescent, pp. 129-134 STOP B-28-32 STOP B-68-69 Muslim Culture and its Affects on Women
as existing in Mecca or prevalent in other parts of Arabia.
Astrological superstitions: That meteorites are cast at the devil. Oaths by the stars and planets (Surahs 56 58 etc.) B. Arabian Idolatry: Mecca: Center of religious pilgrimage & the Black Stone.
Pilgrimage: in every detail: hair, dress, offerings, casting stones, sacrifice, running. Polygamy: slavery, easy divorce and social laws generally. Ceremonial: cleanliness, forbidden foods, circumcision Cosmology: The different stories of the earth. Bridge over hell, the Sirat. Jinn: Various kins of jinn, exorcism of jinn (genies) (Suras 113 & 114) These jinn, spirits beings who lived in caves, the ground, trees, and other natural places, were popular superstition in Arabia long before Islam. Scholars have noted this animistic influence on Islam for quite some time now.
Paradise: Its character, the houris, pairikas of Avesta. The descriptions of Paradise (37:42-49, 76:19-21) with its regenerating-virgin ‘houris’ rivers of wine, endless food, and gardens are all from Zoroastrianism and its paradise.
comes from the name of a demon in Zoroastrianism. D. Buddhism Rosary: About its useage see Hugh’s Dictionary of Islam
as found in the Old Testament, but more especially the Talmud, the source of Jewish ideas prevalent in Arabia just before Muhammad.
are Hebrew: Taboot (ark) Ahbar (teachers) Torah (law) Taghoot (error) used often Eden Sakinat (Shekinah) Gehinnom Furkan Rabbi
Unity of God; Resurrection; Seven Hells & seven Heavens; Final judgement; Signs of the last days; Gog & Magog, etc.
Prayer; it’s time, posture, direction Laws regarding impurity of body (washing) Laws regarding purification of women
Use of “insha Allah” Age of discretion corresponds to Talmud.
identical with the Talmud. Noah & the flood; Eber (Hud); Isaac; İshmail; Joseph; cf. Qur’an with Talmud. Abraham, his idolatry; Nimrod’s oven; Pharoah; the calf (taken from the Talmud) Moses; the fables realted about him and Aaron are old Jewish tales.
Jethro (Shuaib); Sau (Taloot); Golith (Jiloot); and Solomon, especially, CF. the Talmud. 3. From Christianity: in its corrupt form, as found in the apocryphal gospels.
Puerile miracles, denial of the crucifixion
STOP, A-9. 12.18 Unclean Things in Islam The Iraqi Shi’ite leader Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Husayni Sistani lists the following ten things as hanis (unclean):
Robert Spencer, The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (And the Crusades), p. 165. 12.19 Chess and Islam sahih muslim, Book 028, Number 5612: Buraida reported on the authority of his father that Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) said: He who played chess is like one who dyed his hand with the flesh and blood of swine. Some people claim that the game of chess increases ones wit and intelligence, and it assists one in learning the ways of battles. This claim is unreasonable. Chess has nothing to do with wit or intelligence; on the contrary intelligence suffers a derangement by this game. The player of chess becomes so absorbed in this game that he has no care or concern for anything else. Yes there is no surprise in the fact that by constant playing, ones ability to manoeuvre the various ways and moves of the game improves. But then what is the benefit of this gain? Similarly this game has no relationship with the strategies of battle or war. The act of the game is limited to its technical or ordinary manoeuvres e.g. the knight moves so and the elephant moves so. In true and real battles these are not the moves to be found. The manoeuvres of war are totally distinct and separate. In short both these claims are absurd. Some claim that according to the Mazhab (school of thoughts) of Imam Shafi’ee R A the playing of chess is permissible but it must be stated that this was the first view of the great imam but even then he fixed certain conditions for its permissibility, e.g. involvement in the game must not be to the extent that the performance of Salaat is delayed from its fixed time; the game must not be played abundantly; absorption in it must not be so much that the answer to someone’s salaam is not given, etc. These conditions are not to be found these days when this game is being played. It is also a fact that Imam Shafiee later withdrew of chess being permissible. Many of the great Muslim scholars have clearly stated the prohibition and non-permissibility of chess. Imam Malik RA said that it is worse than the game of nard (backgammon, which is also haram) and more destructive than gambling. Hadhrat Ali also said:
The prophet said: He who plays Backgammon has disobeyed Allah Ta’ala and His (Rasool).” The playing of chess is Haraam. If the playing of chess is accompanied by gambling than its prohibition is unanimous. If it is played without gambling then there is a difference of opinion in its prohibition. Where Allah Ta’aala declared alcohol and gambling as forbidden, he explained the reason for this prohibition. Allah says in the Holy Quran that Shaytan desires to create an ill feeling amongst you. He desires to create hatred among you, and to direct your attention from Salaat and Allah Taa’las remembrance. So wherever this is present, the prohibition will come into force, and that practice will become Haraam. All are aware of the degree of absorption in these games. Absorption in this game (chess) is so much, that we seek the protection of Allah Ta’ala. The truth of the matter is that when someone becomes rooted in some practice and this practice penetrates his very blood and veins, then until death it remains overpowering, and in this very practice a man finally dies.
http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=E&Id=85615&Option=FatwaId 12.20 Dogs in Islam 1) KILL THE DOGS From Bukhari Vol. 4, #540 Narrated 'Abdullah bin 'Umar: Allah's Apostle ordered that the dogs should be killed. From Abu Dawud #2839 Abd Allah B. Mughaffal reported the apostle of Allah as saying: Were dogs not a species of creature I should command that they all be killed; but kill every pure black one. The Hadith's note for #2839 says, "The prophet did not order the killing of all the dogs, for some are to be retained for hunting and watching. He ordered to kill the jet black ones. They might be more mischievous among them. From Muslim #3814 Ibn Mughaffal reported: Allah's messenger ordered the killing of dogs and then said, "what is the trouble with them (the people of Medina? How dogs are nuisances to them (the citizens of Medina)? He then permitted keeping of dogs for hunting and (the protection of) herds. ...[and for] for the protection of cultivated land. From Muslim #Number 055 Ibn Mughaffal reported: The Messenger of Allah ordered killing of the dogs, and then said: What about them, i. e. about other dogs? and then granted concession (to keep) the dog for hunting and the dog for (the security) of the herd, and said: When the dog licks the utensil, wash it seven times, and rub it with earth the eighth time. From Muslim #3813 Abu Zubair heard Jabir Abdullah saying: Allah's messenger ordered us to kill dogs and we carried out this order so much so that we also killed the dog roaming with a women from the desert. Then Allah's apostle forbade their killing. He said: "It is your duty to kill the jet-black (dog) having two spots (on the eyes) for it is a devil. The note for #3814 says, "The Hadith gives us an idea why the prophet commanded to kill dogs. There must have been an excess of stray dogs and thus the danger of rabies in the city of Medina and its suburbs. The prophet therefore ordered to kill them. Later on when it was found that his Companions were killing them indiscriminately, he forbade them to do so and told them that only the ferocious beasts which were a source of danger to life should be killed. The word "Devil" in the Hadith clarifies this point. Here devil stands for ferocious. HOWEVER THE REASONING WITHIN THE NOTE ABOVE IS INCORRECT – READ BELOW. From Muslim #5248 Maimuna reported that one morning Allah’s Messenger was silent with grief. Maimuna said: Allah’s Messenger, I find a change in your mood today. Allah’s Messenger said: Gabriel had promised me that he would meet me tonight, but he did not meet me. By Allah, he never broke his promises, and Allah’s Messenger spent the day in this sad mood. Then it occurred to him that there had been a puppy under their cot. He commanded and it was turned out. He then took some water in his hand and sprinkled it at that place. When it was evening Gabriel met him and he said to him: You promised me that you would meet me the previous night. He said: Yes, but we do not enter a house in which there is a dog or a picture. Then on that very morning he commanded the killing of the dogs until he announced that the dog kept for the orchards should also be killed, but he spared the dog meant for the protection of extensive fields or big gardens. COMMENT These Hadith tell the story of Muhammad's order to kill dogs. Muhammad said he would like to have all dogs killed. He wanted them killed, NOT because packs of dogs were tormenting the citizens of Medina, but rather, because a puppy stopped the mighty angel Gabriel. Muhammad’s solution was to kill the dogs. He first said he wanted all dogs killed but then made exceptions for dogs that are used for farming, hunting, or watching (outside). Further, he ordered that all black dogs be killed and called them "a Satan". 2) COMMERCE IN DOGS From Bukhari Vol. 3, #299 Narrated 'Aun bin Abu Juhaifa: "My father bought a slave who practiced the profession of cupping. (My father broke the slave's instruments of cupping). I asked my father why he had done so. He replied, "The Prophet forbade the acceptance of the price of a dog or blood, and also forbade the profession of tattooing, getting tattooed and receiving or giving Riba, (usury), and cursed the picture-makers." From Bukhari Vol. 3, #482 Narrated Abu Mas'ud Al-Ansari: "Allah's Apostle regarded illegal the price of a dog, the earnings of a prostitute, and the charges taken by a soothsayer." From Muslim #3803 Abu Masud reported that Allah's messenger forbade the charging of price of the dog and earning of a prostitute and sweets offered to a kahin. COMMENT Muhammad believed that money made from the sale of a dog (for other than already mentioned purposes) was considered as evil as the money made from prostitution, witchcraft, or usury. Something about dogs disturbed Muhammad deeply. 3) LOSS OF REWARD OF GOOD WORKS FOR OWNING DOGS From Bukhari Vol. 3, #515 Narrated Abu Huraira: "Allah's Apostle said, "Whoever keeps a dog, one Qirat of the reward of his good deeds is deducted daily, unless the dog is used for guarding a farm or cattle." Abu Huraira (in another narration) said from the Prophet, "unless it is used for guarding sheep or farms, or for hunting." Narrated Abu Hazim from Abu Huraira: The Prophet said, "A dog for guarding cattle or for hunting."" From Muslim Number 3815: Ibn Umar reported Allah's Messenger as saying: He who keeps a dog other than that meant for watching the herd or for hunting loses every day out of his deeds equal to two qirat. From Muslim Number 2062: Abu Huraira reported Allah's Messenger as saying: He who attends the funeral till the prayer is offered for (the dead), for him is the reward of one qirat, and he who attends (and stays) till he is buried, for him is the reward of two qirats. It was said: What are the qirats? He said: They are equivalent to two huge mountains. Two other narrators added: Ibn 'Umar used to pray and then depart (without waiting for the burial of the dead). When the tradition of Abu Huraira reached him, he said:" We have lost many qirats." COMMENT Having a dog as a pet is prohibited in Islam. In fact, if a Muslim keeps a dog as a pet God will take away some heavenly reward for his good deeds! Notice that the amount taken away changed from one to two qirats. 4) DOGS ANNULLING PRAYER From Bukhari Vol. 1, #490 Narrated 'Aisha: "The things which annul the prayers were mentioned before me. They said, "Prayer is annulled by a dog, a donkey and a woman (if they pass in front of the praying people)." I said, "You have made us (i.e. women) dogs. I saw the Prophet praying while I used to lie in my bed between him and the Qibla. Whenever I was in need of something, I would slip away, for I disliked to face him."" From Muslim Number 1032 Abu Dharr reported: The Messenger of 'Allah said: When any one of you stands for prayer and there is a thing before him equal to the back of the saddle that covers him and in case there is not before him (a thing) equal to the back of the saddle, his prayer would be cut off by (passing of an) ass, woman, and black Dog. I said: O Abu Dharr, what feature is there in a black dog which distinguish it from the red dog and the yellow dog? He said: O, son of my brother, I asked the Messenger of Allah as you are asking me, and he said: The black dog is a devil. From Abu Dawud Number 0704: Narrated Abdullah ibn Abbas: Ikrimah reported on the authority of Ibn Abbas, saying: I think the Apostle of Allah said: When one of you prays without a sutrah, a dog, an ass, a pig, a Jew, a Magian, and a woman cut off his prayer, but it will suffice if they pass in front of him at a distance of over a stone's throw. COMMENT These hadith state that if a dog passes in front of people praying it annuls their prayer. Annul means, "to reduce to nothing", or "to make ineffective or inoperative". If a group of people are praying and a dog walks in-between them and the Kaba (in Mecca), then their prayer is made null and void. 5) DOGS STOP THE ANGELS From Bukhari Vol. 4, #448 Narrated Abu Talha: "I heard Allah's Apostle saying; "Angels (of Mercy) do not enter a house wherein there is a dog or a picture of a living creature (a human being or an animal)."" From Bukhari Vol. 7, #843 Narrated Salim's father: "Once Gabriel promised to visit the Prophet but he delayed and the Prophet got worried about that. At last he came out and found Gabriel and complained to him of his grief (for his delay). Gabriel said to him, "We do not enter a place in which there is a picture or a dog."" From Muslim, #5276: Abu Huraira reported Allah's Messenger as saying: Angels do not accompany the travelers who have with them a dog and a bell. From Muslim, #5279: Abu Huraira reported Allah's Messenger as saying: "The bell is the musical instrument of Satan." COMMENT The story behind these hadith was mentioned earlier. A little puppy stopped an angel from entering the house because it was "unclean". Note that angels do not enter a place with a dog, or accompany people who travel with a dog. THE TOMES The tomes also details the same aspects found in the traditions. We’ll start with the Reliance of the Traveler[4] which is a compendium of Shafi’i law. On filth, page 95 e14.0 FILTH (NAJASA) e.14.1 Filth means… (8) dogs and pigs, or their offspring On purification, page 98 e14.7 Something that becomes impure by contact (def: below) with something from dogs or swine does not become pure except by being washed seven times, one of which (recommended not to be the last) must be with purifying earth (def: e12.1 (b)) mixed with purifying water, and it must read all of the affected area. One may not substitute something else like soap or glasswort in place of earth. (n: The contact referred to is restricted, in the Shafi’i school, to contamination by traces of moisture from dogs or swing, whether saliva, urine, anything moist from them, or any of their dry parts that have become moist…) On trade, page 382 k2.2 It is invalid to transact something that is impure in itself (najasa, def: e141) such as a dog or something affected with filth that cannot be purified (O: by washing), like milk or shortening, though if it can be, like a garment, then it may be transacted. The Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam[5] entry on dogs (Kalb). page 215 Kalb, the dog, is also in Islam one of the "unclean beasts" (hence kalb as an abusive word, specially to unbelievers), primarily because its flesh may not be eaten (al-Nawawi ..) and further because, according to the Hadith, there are several special regulation regarding it. For example dogs render food which they lick impure and render unavailable water intended for ritual purifications…) Vessels, likewise, which have been licked by dogs, require to be cleaned several times including once with sand. In a certain way they render impure the whole room in which they are; for angels do not enter a house in which there is a dog and Muhammad had first to sprinkle the place on which a young dog had lain concealed with purificatory water before Djibril would appear to him….) Dogs "cut off the salat", i.e. they make the salat worthless when they come into the immediate vicinity of the man at prayer (Ibn Madja, Ikama, bab 30), and one is all the more inclined to attribute this rule to the impurity of the dog as it also holds for menstruating women. The Arab commentators, however, explain it by saying that the dog frightens the worshipper and distracts him from his devotions (al-Sindi commentary on Ibn Madja as cited above). This is especially true of the black dog, for "he is Satan"). This saying is either to be interpreted literally as meaning that Satan occasionally appears in the form a black dog (cf. Faust) or it only means that black dogs in general are considered particularly dangerous. Dogs in general are considered noxious and should therefore be exterminated (al-Nasa’i, Said wa’l-dhaba’ih, bab 9-14_, but as "Allah does not create anything in which there is not a trace of His wisdom" (al-Sindi, commentary on this passage), this rule is applied only to black dogs. It is only permitted to keep dogs for hunting, for herding and for watching (al-Nasa’i, op. cit.); whoever keeps a forbidden dog has to forfeit a portion of his possession daily (cf. Babylon. Talmud Shabbath, fol 63: "whoever possesses a dangerous dog keeps good fortune away from his house"). Dealing in dogs on the other hand is strictly forbidden (al-Bukhari, Buyu’ bab 25). But in spite of its impurity and dangerousness the Arabs are able to appreciate the good qualities and services of the dog. Muhammad himself promises a woman a divine reward for a kindness which she had done a thirsty dog (al-Bukhari, Wudi, bab 33), and al-Kazwini (p. 403) characterizes the dog as "a particularly intelligent, very useful animal, patient in hunger an on the watch, whose cleverness and fidelity are shown in many ways". … COMMENT The tomes echo the hadith’s statements. That’s because the hadith’s statements are theological bedrock for Islam’s denigration of dogs, hence the scholars detail the rulings in their books of jurisprudence or theology. Islam has a formal, establish, legal position that dogs are unclean and it rejects dogs as pets. http://www.answering-islam.org/Silas/dogs.htm Dogs are regared as unclean and are not normally kept as household pets. If Muslims visit your home you should remove the dog before they arrive. A Hadith says: “Angels do not enter the house in which there is a dog or pictures.” (Bukhari 4:448) ‘In the Muslim faith, a dog is considered impure... if a dog drinks our of any container, it should be washed seven times, the first of which should be in water mixed with dust.’ Jean Sasson, Princes Sultana’s Daughters, p. 67. Ayisha used to say: “The prophet loved three things: women, scents, and food.” He hated dogs, lizards, people with yellow teeth, painters and sculptors, costly silks and embroideries, the smell of garlic and onions. Dr. Abraham Sarker, Understand My Muslim People, p. 42. 12.21 Things Not to Do With a Muslim
Dr. Ergun & Emir Caner, Voices Behind the Veil, pp. 30-31. 12.22 Giving Money vs. Education? There is an old saying: Give a man a fish, and you feed him for one day. Teach him to fish, and you feed him for many days. The politically sensitive Christian adds: Who owns the pond? Dr. Miriam Adeney, Daughters of Islam, pp. 152-153. 12.23 Hypocrasy in Islam It is illegal in Saudia Arabia for a Saudi girl to marry a man who is not a Saudi national... Saudi men can marry whom they wish. Jean Sasson, Princess Sultana’s Daughters, p. 143. 12.24 Looks Can Kill The pious caliph Umar İbn Abd al-Aziz is said to have severely punished several men of the city when he felt they paid too much attention to the remarkable style of Sukaina’s clothing and hair Dr. Ergun & Emir Caner, Voices Behind the Veil, p. 50. 12.25 History of Islamic Culture 500-600: Pre-Islamic poetry flourishes in Arabia 608: The Kaaba in Mecca is built as the main shrine in Arabia. 622: In Medina, Muhammad builds his house, which serves as a gathering place for his followers and as a model for future mosques. 650: Uthman establishes an official version of the Kor’an. 670: The Great Mosque of Qayrawan is founded by Uqba ibn Nafi’. 691: Caliph Abd al-Malik erects the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. 696: Arab coinage is introduced and Arabic becomes the official administrative language of Islam. 705: Caliph Walid begins to build the Great Mosque of Damascus. 744: The Umayyads construct the palace of Mshatta. 751: The Arabs learn paper-making from captured Chinese prisoners. 765: Jurjis ibn Bakhtishu’ founds a school of medicine in Baghdad.
767: Abu Hanifa, creator of Hanifi school of law, dies in jail.
785: Abd al-Rahman builds the Great Mosque of Cordoba. 795: Malik ibn Anas, creator of the Maliki school of law, dies. 813: Caliph Ma’mun’s reign marks flourishing of the mathematician Khwarizmi, the translator Hunayn, and the philosopher Kindi. 814: Shafi’i, founder of the Shafi school of law, goes to Egypt, where he writes his important treatise, the Risala. 815: Death of Abu Nuwas, renowned poet at the Abbasid court. 830: Caliph Ma’mun founds the ‘House of Wisdom’ in Baghdad. 833: Ahmad bin Hanbel, leader of the Traditionist movement, is imprisoned for refusing to accept Mu’tazilite doctrine. 851: Earliest Arabic description of China and the Indian coast.
870: Death of Bukhari, famed for his collection of Traditions (Hadith). 876: In Cairo, Ibn Tulun builds a mosque bearingh is name. 921: Earliest Arabic description of Russia by Ibn Fadlan. 922: Hallaj, Sufi mystic and martyr, is executed for heresy. 925: Death of Razi (Rhazes), famed medieval physician, author of the first medical treatise on smallpox. 948: The poet Mutanabbi named panegyrist to the ruller of Aleppo. 970: Fatimids build the mosque-university of al-Azhar in Cairo. 1010: The Persian poet Firdawsi completes his Epic of Kings. 1030: Biruni writes his Description of India. 1037: Death of Ibn Sina (Avicenna), philosopher and physician. 1067: Vizier-Nizam al-Mulk establishes the Nizamiyya Maddrasa in Baghdad, and Ash’arism becomes the orthodox theology. 1090: Chinese text makes first mention of Arabs using a compass.
1096: Ghazali, mystic and theologian, begings his greatest work, The Revival of the Religious Sciences. 1123: Omar Khayyam, poet and astronomer, dies. 1154: The geographer Idrisi, compiles The Pleasure of the Ardent Enquirer which includes his circular map of the world.
1171: Ibn Rushd (Averroes) writes Middle Commentary on Aristotle. Yüklə 7,46 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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