Dan’s Course on Islam
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1185-1186: In March 1185, Baldwin IV dies as his young nephew, Baldwin V, ascends to the throne. However, Baldwin V dies in August 1186 and is succeeded by his mother, Sibylla, and her husband Guy of Lusignan. Mosul submitts to Saladin on March 3 1186. 1187: The year of victory for Muslims. Reynald again breaks the truce between the Franks and the Muslims by attacking a caravan. In May, the Muslims rout a small army of Knights Templar near Nazareth. On July 4, Saladin scores a decisicve victory at the Battle of Hattin, near Lake Tiberias, soundly defeating the Frankish army. He executes Reynald and holds Guy of Lusignan captive. Throughout the rest of the year, Saladin’s forces conquer almost all the important Frankish fortresses and cities, including Jerusalem on Oct. 2. The crusader occupiers now hold only Tyre, Tripoli and Antioch. Pope Gregory VII proclaims a papal bull (“Audita tremendi”) announcing the Third Crusade on Oct. 29. In the winter, Conrad of Montferrat successfully foils Saladin’ siege of Tyre. The Third Crusade (1188-1192): 1188: Henry II of England, Philip II of France, and Fredrick I (Barbarossa) of Germany take the cross and begin to raise funds and crusader armies instituting a Saladin Tithe in England. In July, Saladin frees Guy of Lusignan, who joins the Christian resistance at Tyre. King William of Sicily sends a fleet to Tyre to help in the defense of the city. 1189: Fredrick I sets out for the Holy Land in May. On June 6, Henry II dies; his son Riğchard I (Lionheart) becomes king of England. In August, Guy of Lusignan benins to seige Acre, aided by an armada of Danish and Flemish ships. Richard I departs for the Holy Land in December. English mobs start to attack Jewish communities, culminating in a massacre of 150 Jews in York the following year. On Sept 3 the fall of Silves in Portugal to crusaders. 1190: On May 18, Emperor Fredrick I’s army captures Iconium. However, on June 10, Fredreck drowns while fording a river in Cilicia, and his troops disperse. His son, Henry VI, succeeds to the throne. Remnants of Fredericks’s army arrive at Antioch in late June. On July 4, Philip II and Richard I meet in Vezelay and start out for the Holy Land. 1191: Philip II arrives in Acre on April 20, adding his forces to the siege. Richard I is blown off course and conquers the Byzantine island of Cyprus before resuming his journey. He arrives in Acre in early June, and the city falls to the crusaders on July 12. Philip II departs for Europe on July 31, leaving Richard in command. On August 20, Richard orders the execution of the 2700 Muslim survivors of the siege, including women and children. At the Battle of Arsuf on Sept. 7, Richard defeats Saladin’s forces. The crusaders take Jaffa shortly thereafter and make the Treaty of Jaffa. 1192: In January, Richard retakes Ascalon. During the summer, Saladin and Richard skirmish at Jaffa but realize that they have reached a stalemate. On Sept. 2, they conclude the treaty of Jaffa wherein the Franks keep a narrow costal strip from Tyre to Jaffa but leave Jerusalem and other cities in the hands of the Muslims. Acre becomes the new capital of the crusader’s kingdom. On Oct. 9, Richard leaves for Europe thus ending the 3rd Crusade. 1193: Saladin dies on March 4 at the age of 55; the ensuing struggle between his sons and his brother results in the division of his empire. After several years of civil war, his empire is reunited under the authority of his brother al-‘Adil. There is a crusade in Spain. 1193-1230: The Livonian Crusade begins and is renewed again in 1197 & 1199. 1197: In Sept., an army of crusaders sent by Henry IV of Germany arrives in Acre headed for Palestine. The quickly seize Sidon and Beirut, but Henry’s death in Messina on Sept. 28 causes the German Crusade to collapse. The German hospital at Acre which later in 1198 becomes a military order (the Teutonic Order). There is a crusade in Spain. 1198: On July 1, the Franks and the Muslims sign a truce recognizing Christian possession of Beirut. In August, Pope Innocent III proclaims the Fourth Crusade to recover Jerusalem. Foundation of the Teutonic Order. 1199: Proclamation of the Crusade against Markward of Anweiler on Nov. 24. In Dec. taxation of the Church for crusaders was instituted. 1200: Foundation of the Order of San Jorge de Alfama. The Fourth Crusade (1201-1204): 1201: In April, the crusaders sign a treaty with the Venetians, agreeing to give one-half of their conquests to Venice in return for transportation and supplies. Alexius Angelus, the heir to the throne of Byzantium, asks the crusaders to oust his uncle, Emperor Alexius III. 1202: Establishment of the Order of Swordbrethren. The crusaders agree to detour to the city of Zara on the coast of Dalmatia, which is under the control of the king of Hungary, and to conquer it for Venice. Zara falls to the crusaders on Nov. 15 and is pillaged. The crusaders stay in Zara over the winter, during which time they agree to seize Constantinople on behalf of Alexius Angelus. 1203: Alexius Angelus joins the crusaders at Zara on April 25. The crusader army arrives at Constantinople on June 24 and enters the city on June 17. Alexius III flees. 1204: Pope Innocent allows recruitment for the Livonian Crusade on a regular basis. Alexius Angelus, now Emperor Alexius IV, proves to be a weak and imprudent leader. A son-in-law of Alexius III stages a coup, has Alexius IV strangled, and ascends the Byzantine throne as Alexius V. In March, the crusaders decide to take Constantinople for themselves and found a Latin empire. On April 12th - 15th, they overrun the Greek defenses and then plunder Constantinople for three days. The sack of Constantinople marks the end of the Fourth Crusade, which never reaches the Holy Land. The crusaders set up Latin rule, electing Baldwin of Flanders as emperor, establishing Catholicism, and renaming the conquered lands Romania. The Byzantine royal family creates a government in exile at Nicaea. 1204-1205: Conquest of the Pelopennese by Geoffrey of Villehardouin and William of Champlitte. 1206: Danish Crusade to Ösel. 1208: Assissination of Peter of Castelnau, the papal legate in Languedoc. Proclamation of the Albigensian Crusade. 1209-1229: Albigensian Crusade in France. 1209: Sack of Beziers by Crusaders. 1211: King of Hungary gives the Teutonic Order a march in Transylvania. 1212: Young German and French pesants travel through Europe toward the Holy Land on a Children’s Crusade that ends disastrously. Also a crusade in Spain. On July 17 the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. The Fifth Crusade (1218-1221): 1213-1217: Pope Innocent III proclaims the Fifth Crusade in April 1213 but finds it difficult to fire up enthusiasm among Europe’s nobility. The Spanish and Albigensian Crusades are downgraded in favor of the eastern theater of war. The Fourth Lateran council takes place in 1215. In 1216 Honorius III succeeds Innocent III. The first contingent of crusaders, under King Andrew II of Hungary does not set out until the summer of 1217; they accomplish little and leave for home the following January. Sept. 12 the Battle of Muret. 1215: Order of Preachers (Dominicans) in Toulouse. On Dec. 14 the constitution “Ad liberandam” agreed by the Fourth Lateran Council, permitting regular taxation of the Church for crusading. 1216: On Oct. 28 King Henry III of England takes the cross against English rebels. 1218-1221: In April 1218, large armies of Frisian, German, and Italian crusaders begin to arrive at Acre. The crusaders decide to attack Egypt, and on May 27, 1218 they besiege Damietta. The city finally falls to the crusader army on Nov. 5, 1219. In August of 1219 Francis of Assisi preaches to crusaders and to the sultan. The crusaders head towards Cairo, but the sultan al-Kamil, son of al-‘Adil, finally repels them. The crusades remain in Damietta until July 1221, when – after the arrival of more German troops – they advance into Egypt. In August, they find themselves trapped at Mansurah and capitulate, signing a truce with the Ayyubid sultan al-Kamil and evacuating Damietta in September. 1225: Teutonic Order invited to Prussia. 1226: Albigensian Crusade renewed. The Sixth Crusade (1227-1229): 1227-1229: A Crusade is authorized against heretics in Bosnia and agian renewed in 1234. Frederick II of Hohenstaufen Germany, who had earlier reneged on his vow to go on the Fifth Crusade, sets off for the Holy Land on August 31st of 1227, and is betrothed to the heiress of the kingdom of Jerusalem, but becomes ill and stops in Italy while sending his fleet to Acre. Believing that Frederick is again hesitiating to fulfill his pledge, Pope Gregory IX excommunicates him in Sept. and forbids him to continue crusading. Nevertheless, Frederick sets sail in June 1228 and arrives in Acre on Sept. 7. He enters negotiations with the sultan of Egypt, al-Kamil, and on February 18, 1229, reaches an agreement whereby the Christians regain Jerusalem and other territories. Frederick II is crowned king of Jerusalem on March 18, 1229, and leaves for Europe in May, having successfully concluded the Sixth Crusade without ever fighting a battle. This arouses a storm of indignation in the Arab world. 1229: On April 12 the Peace of Paris end the Albigensian Crusade. The Teutonic Order begins conquest of Prussia. 1229-1231: Crusade of James I of Argon to Mallorca. 1229-1233: Civil war in Cyprus. 1229-1253: Crusade in Spain. 1230: Frederick’s excommunicaiton is lifted. 1231: Crusade of John of Brienne in aid of Constantinople. Crusade of Ferdinand III of Castile in Spain. 1232-1234: Crusade against the Stedinger heretics in Germany. 1232-1253: Conquest of Valencia by James I of Aragon. 1236: Ferdinand III of Castile takes Cordoba on June 29. A proclamation of a new crusade in support of Constantinople. The Teutonic Order absorbs Swordbearers in Livonia. 1239-1241: Crusades of Theobald IV of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall. Another Crusade in aid of Constanople. In 1239 there is a Crusade against Fredrick II (renewed 1240, 1244) and a Swedish crusade against the Finns in Finland. In 1241 Gregory IX dies and leaves a papal vacancy. 1241: Proclamation of the Crusade against the Mongols (renewed 1243 & 1249). 1242: First Prussian Revolt against the Teutonic Order. Battle on Lake Peipus on April 5. On Mar. 16 the fall of Montsegur. 1243: Innocent IV is elected to be the new Pope. 1244: On August 23, Jerusalem falls for the last time to the Khorezmain Turks, who sack the city and burn many of its churches. The Franks form a coalition with the Syrians, while the Khorezmians join forces with the army of Egypt. The Egyptians and Khorezmians shatter the Frankish-Syrian forces at the Battle of Harbiya (La Forbie) on Oct. 17. In Dec., Louis, IX of France takes the cross and begins preparations for the Seventh Crusade. 1245: Teutonic Order permitted to wage a permanent crusade in Prussia. 1248: In Oct. Achen is taken by crusaders engaged against Fredrick II. Seville is taken on Nov 23 by Ferdinand II of Castile. On June 6 the crusaders capture Damietta. The Seventh Crusade (1249-1254): 1249-1254: King Louis IX of France arrives near Damietta on June 5, 1249, capturing the city on the following day. On Feb. 8, 1250, Louis IX and his crusaders battle the Egyptians at al-Mansurah and almost take the city. Louis IX remains encamped outside al-Mansurah until the Egyptians cut off his supply lines. In April he attempts to retreat but is forced to surrender to the Muslims and is taken prisoner, along with his entire army. On May 6, Louis IX is released in return for ransom money and the surrender of Damietta to the Muslims. The fall of the Ayyubid dynasty is replaced by the rule of the Mamluks in 1250. Louis IX stays in the Holy Land until 1254, refortifying Acre, Caesarea, Jaffa, and Sidon, and then returns to France. 1251: First Crusade of the Shepherds. 1254: Crusade to Prussia of King Ottokar II of Bohemia, Rudolf of Habsburg and Otto of Brandenberg. Foundation of Königsberg. 1255: Crusades preached against Manferd of Staufen and against Ezzelino and Alberic of Romano. 1256-1258: War of St Sabas in Acre. 1258: The Mongol chief Hülegü, grandson of Ghengis Khan, sacks Baghdad, massacring the population and killing the last ‘Abbasid caliph. 1259: Latins of Achaea defeated by the Greeks in the Battle of Pelagonia. 1260: Livonian Teutonic Knights defeated by the Lithuanians in the Battle of Durbe. Second Prussian revolt. Castilian Crusade to Sale in Morocco. The Mongol army after occupying first Aleppo and then Damascus, is defeated by Baybars at the battle of ‘Ayn Jalut in Palestine. Baybars becomes the head of the Mamluk Egyptian sultanate. 1261: On July 4, Baybars, a Mamluk Turk, becomes the sultan of Egypt. The Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaegodus of Nicaea recaptures Constantinople for the Greeks on July 25, bringing an end to the Latin empire of Romania. 1265-1268: Baybars begins to attack the crusader kingdoms, taking Caesarea and Arsuf in 1265, Safed in 1266, and Jaffa and Antioch which had been allied with the Mongols in 1268. Crusade of Charles Anjou to southern Italy. 1266: Battle of Benevento on Feb 26. 1268: Fall of Antioch to Mamluks on May 18. Battle of Tagliacozzo on Aug 23. 1269: Aragonese crusade to Palestine. 1270: Louis IX set out on his second Crusade, landing in Tunisia on July 18. However, during the campaign Louis becomes ill; he dies in Tunisia on August 25, leading to a failed invasion. In Nov., Louis’s brother, Charles of Anjou, makes a treaty with the ruler of Tunesia and then returns to France. Prince Edward of England (later King Edward I) arrives in Tunisia just as the truce is being finalized. 1271-1272: Refusing to accept the truce, Lord Edward of England and his small army of crusaders land at Acre in 1271, where they learn that Baybars has captured the last major castles of the military orders. Edward conducts a few raids but achieves little, and in May 1272 the city of Acre agrees to a ten-year truce with Baybars, ending hostilities. Edward leaves for Europe in September 1272. 1274: On May 18 a Crusade is declared “Constitutiones pro zelo fidei” of the Second Council of Lyons. 1274-1276: Pope Gregory X tries to launch a new Crusade but cannot obtain sufficient support from the kings and nobles of Western Europe. 1275: Foundation of the Order of Santa Maria de Espana. 1277: In Sept. Vicar of Charles of Anjou, who had purchased a claim to throne of Jerusalem from a pretender, arrives in Acre. Kindgom of Jerusalem is split. 1277-1279: Baybar dies on July 1, 1277; a two-year battle for succession follows. In 1279, Qalawun, the commander of the Syrian troops, takes over the government and proclaims himself sultan. During these years, the crusader kingdoms are embroiled in disputes among themselves. 1282: Sicilian Vespers; Charles of Anjou loses Silicy to Aragon. 1283-1302: Crusade against Sicilians and Aragonese. 1285-1287: Qalawun begins to advance the crusader states, capturing the Hospitallers’ castle of Marqab and the town of Maraqiyah in 1285 and the port town of Latakia in 1287. A French Crusade against Aragon. 1286: On June 4 the Kingdom of Jerusalem is reunited under King Henry II of Cyprus. 1287: On Jun 18 a Crusade is sent to the East of Alice of Blois. 1288: Crusade to the East of John of Grailly. 1289: The Mamluk Sultan Qalawun conquers and sacks the port town of Tripoli on April 26; a few days later, his troops take Botron and Nephin. Concerned that the Christians might try to recapture Tripoli from the sea, Qalawun razes the city to the ground and rebuilds it a few miles inland. Acre, now the only major crusader stronghold remaining in the Holy Landi sends pleas for assistance to Europe. 1290: In August, a small force of Italian crusaders arrives in Acre to serve as reinforcements. Soon after their arrival, they run amok, killing any Muslim they meet. Enraged, Qalawun vows not to leave a single Chrisitan alive in the city. On Nov. 4, he sets out toward Acre with his army, but he suddenly becomes ill and dies on Nov. 10. His son, al-Ashraf Khalil, succeeds him as sultan. Crusades to East of Otto of Grandson and North Italians. 1291: Mamluk, Al-Ashraf Khalil, son of Qalawun, musters an enormous army and heads for Acre in March. He lays siege to the town on April 6 and conquers it on May 18. In July Sidon and Beirut fall. In the bloody aftermath, he spares only a few Christians and orders the city’s buildings destroyed. Christians evacuate Tortosa and Chateau Pelerin. The remaining crusader towns (Tyre, Haifa) quickly capitulate and the Franks retreat to Cyprus, thus ending the period of the crusader kingdoms in the Holy Land and putting an end to two centuries of Frankish presence in the Orient. (1291-1798) For additional ongoing crusades during this period see Johnathan Riley-Smith, The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, pp. 396-400. Brenda Stalcup, Ed., The Crusades: Turning Points in World History, pp. 239-248. Amin Maalouf, The Crusades Through Arab Eyes, pp. 276-280. Thomas M. Madden, Ed., Crusades: The Illustrated History, p. 214. Johnathan Riley-Smith, The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, pp. 392-400. 11.9 Why the Crusades Were Called
Taken From Part II of Robert Spencer, The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (And the Crusades), pp. 120ff. 11.10 What the Crusades Accomplished – and What They Didn’t
Robert Spencer, The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (And the Crusades). 11.11 What if the Crusades Had Never Happened?
Robert Spencer, The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (And the Crusades). 11.12 What Did the Crusades Accomplish? It is significant that the level Islamic adventurism in Europe dropped off dramatically during the era of the Crusades. The conquest of Spain, the Middle East, and North Africa, as well as the first seige of Constaninople, all took place well before the First Crusade. The battles of Kosovo and Varna, which heralded a resurgent Islamic expansionism in Eastern Europe, took place after the collapse of the last Crusader holdings in the Middle East. So what did the Crusades accopmlish? They bought time – time that meant the difference between her demise and dhimmitude and her rise and return to glory. If Godfrey of Bouillon, Richard the Lionhearted, and countless others had not risked their lives to uphold the honor of Christ and His Church thousands of miles from home, the jihadists would almost certainly have swept across Europe much sooner. The only people who have escaped Muslim dhimmitude have been those who were successful in resisiting Islamic jihad: the Christians of Europe and the Hindus of India. Others were not so fortunate. Robert Spencer, The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (And the Crusades), pp. 160-161. 12.* Cultural Issues* (Culture*, Cultural*, Customs*, Habits*, Taboos*, Anthropology*, Ethnology*, Borrowed*) 12.1 7th Century Arab Culture The tribes of the neighboring districts were drawn to the Muslims by fear of by hope of booty, but shied away or switched to the other side whenever the Muslims suffered a reverse such as the defeat at Mount Uhud. Ali Dashti, Twenty Three Years, p. 35. 12.2 Tribalism The Arabian peninsula of Muhammad’s time (A.D. 570-632) was populated by various tribes. Muhammad was born into the Quraish tribe, one of the most powerful. The tribes were characterized by competetion, warfare, treaties, booty in victory, blood revenge, safe places, and seasons during which people are safe from retribution. Islam’s Answer: Muhammad established the ummah, the brotherhod of Muslims. The ummah became the tribe of Muslims, erasing the old tribal loyalties and alliances and uniting around Allah and the Qur’an and the Hadith. The ummah retained some tribal practices such as booty in Muslim raids and safe places (such as the mosque) and seasons (such as fasting during the month of Ramadan). 12.3 Patriarchy Tribalism was characterized by male leadership and dominance. Favoritism was given to sons. Females at birth were often killed. There was a plurality of marriages and harems. Islam’s Answer: Female infanticide was not condoned. Females were granted more privileges including more rights in inheritance laws. The Qur’an limited marriages to the maximum of four if a husband could treat the wives equally. An exception to have more than four wives was granted to Muhammad. 12.4 Polytheism The Arabian tribes worshipped and venerated a variety of male and female deities, including Allah, at a central shrine in Mecca. Animism was also a practice of the tribes. Islam’s Answer: Muhammad proclaimed monotheism (tawhid = unity) in the one diety, Allah, and cleansed the central shrine of all deities, and established that shrine (the Ka’bah) as the focus in prayer and pilgrimage for all Muslims. Muhammad preached that Allah does not share his nature with anyone or anything and thus attacked Christianity’s teaching on Jesus as the Sond of God and the Trinity and thus stated that the greatest sin (shirk) was to attribute God’s nature to anyone. 12.5 Animism Tribalism was characterizede by beliefs and veneration of spirits, both animate and inanimate, including the moon, stars, and wind. Shrines and rituals related to these objects. Islam’s Answer: The Qur’an denied the worship and veneration of spirits and the inanimate world. The Qur’an established a category of spirit/angel types, including jinn. The Qur’an refered to Jesus as the spirit of Allah, as well as many other references. Yüklə 7,46 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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